Chapter 4

Question 1

life is based on

Answer 1

Water and Carbon

Question 2

Carbon

Answer 2

• all living organisms are made up of chemical based element
  “backbone”

Question 3

Organic Chemistry

Answer 3

study of carbon compounds that range from simple molecules to colossal ones
- i.e. glucose is a simple one

Question 4

Carbon structure

Answer 4

• has 6 elections and 4 valence elections that allow it to form 4 covalent bonds with a variety of atoms
• “tetravalent” nature allows it to form large complex molecules with a 3D tetrahedral shape
• can form single and double bonds

Question 5

Bonding versatility of C

Answer 5

allows it to form many diverse molecules, including C skeletons, long chains, or ring structures (in aqueous environments)

Question 6

the electron configuration of C gives it

Answer 6

covalent compatibility with many different elements

Question 7

Carbon Chains

Answer 7

• form the skeletons of most organic molecules including DNA, RNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and some lipids
• vary in length and shape and may include double bonds and allow for chain branching

Question 8

Urea

Answer 8

• mostly produced by the liver and kidneys
• purpose: byproduct of protein metabolism and breakdown
• found in urine
• contain N

Question 9

Hydrocarbons

Answer 9

organic molecules consisting of only C and H atoms

• found in many of a cell’s organic molecules
• i.e. fatty acid chain

Question 10

Non polar hydrocarbon

Answer 10

i. e. petroleum and fats

- cannot dissolve in water

Question 11

Fats

Answer 11

high energy

more CH, more ATP that can be produced

Question 12

Isomers

Answer 12

• molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties
  i. e. D-Mannose, D-Glucose, D-Galactose
• variations in the structure or architecture of organic molecules
• molecules/compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and chemical properties

Question 13

3 types of isomers

Answer 13

1) Structural
2) Geometric
3) Enantiomers

Question 14

Structural Isomers

Answer 14

differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms

i.e. butane and isobutane C4H10 (straight vs. branched)

Question 15

Geometric Isomers

Answer 15

differ in their spatial arrangements
- different location of individual atoms

i.e. cis- and trans-

Question 16

Enantiomers

Answer 16

mirror images
-different “handedness”
“reflection”

• possible when 4 different atoms are bonded to a C
• there are left and right- handed versions
• usually only one version is “active” or specific for its targets

Question 17

Parkinson’s disease

Answer 17

• neurological disease
• Lewy bodies: like a plaque in neurons –> leads to cell death
• caused by cell death of substrate nigra which makes dopamine
• L-Dopa (Leva-dopa) (effective against PD) and D-dopa (biologically inactive)

Question 18

Functional Groups

Answer 18

• chemically reactive groups of atoms within an organic molecule
• are involved in chemical reactions and give organic molecules distinctive chemical properties
• provide molecular and physiological specificity

can modify structure –> modify function

i.e. estradiol (OH) and testosterone (CH3) and double bonds

Question 19

7 functional groups

Answer 19

1) Hydroxyl
2) Carbonyl
3) Carboxyl
4) Amino
5) Sulfhydryl
6) Phosphate
7) Methyl

Question 20

Hydroxyl

Answer 20

OH,

• alcohols
• polar, great solvent
• key sites of chemical bond formation
  i. e. ethanol

Question 21

Carbonyl

Answer 21

C=O

• can be ketones or aldehydes
• provide structural and functional properties for sugars, source of energy

Question 22

Ketones

Answer 22

carbonyl group is within a C skeleton
i.e. fructose, acetone
R - (C=O) - R

Question 23

Aldehydes

Answer 23

carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton
CHO or HC=O
i.e. propanal

Question 24

Carboxyl (Carboxylic Acid)

Answer 24

COOH

• combination of a hydroxyl and a carbonyl
• acidic properties
  i. e. acetic acid

Question 25

Amino

Answer 25

NH2

• acts as a base
• part of amino acid
• part of proteins
  i. e. glycine

Question 26

Sulfhydryl

Answer 26

SH

stabilizes protein structure

Question 27

Phosphate

Answer 27

PO4^2-

• is negatively charged
• found in many important molecules
• great source of energy
• important role in attaching/detaching phosphates

Question 28

Methyl

Answer 28

CH3

Question 29

amino acid

Answer 29

contains both carboxyl and amino groups

-Glycine is the simplest of the 20 amino acids

Question 30

Kinase

Answer 30

enzyme (catalyst) that transfers phosphates from substrate –> phospho- product

i.e. phosphates on lysozyme
active (C shape) –> inactive (flat)

Question 31

Adenosine

Answer 31

carbon based molecule

- makes possible the great diversity of organic molecules such as ATP, ADP, AMP

Question 32

ATP

Answer 32

adenosine triphosphate

• contains 3 phosphate groups
• major cellular source of energy
• produces “free-energy”

Question 33

Energy from ATP

Answer 33

produced by the removal/transfer of phosphate groups from the molecule