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General Biology I E1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many times is water mentioned in the Bible?

A

about 620 (NIV)

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2
Q

Pslam 18:16

A

“He (the Lord) reached down from on high and took hold of me; he drew me out of deep water.”

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3
Q

Water

A
  • biological medium here on Earth
  • all living organisms require water more than any other substance
  • 3/4 of the Earth’s surface is submerged in water
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4
Q

The abundance of water

A

main reason the Earth is habitable

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5
Q

John 7:37-38

A

“Jesus said, ‘If anyone is thirsty, let him come to me and drink. Whoever believes in me, as the Scripture has said, streams of living water will flow from within him.’”

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6
Q

Water as a polar molecule

A
  • from electronegativities
  • formed from hydrogen bonds with each other
  • contributes to the various properties water exhibits
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7
Q

4 emergent properties of water that contribute to the Earth’s fitness for life

A

1) Cohesion
2) Temperature moderation
3) Insulation (expansion upon freezing)
4) Solvent of life (dissolves things well)

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8
Q

Cohesion

A

the bonding of a high percentage of water molecules to neighboring molecules and is due to hydrogen bonding

-helps the transport of water against gravity in plants by pulling water through their vessels

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9
Q

Adhesion

A

an attraction between different substances

-i.e. between water and plant cell walls

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10
Q

Surface Tension

A

a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid and is related to cohesion

  • can be moved and pulled
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11
Q

Water moderates air temp

A
  • by adsorbing heat from air that is warmer and releasing the stored heat to air that is cooler
  • water can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only a slight change in its own temperature
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12
Q

Temperature

A

the measure of the intensity of heat

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13
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

the energy of motion

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14
Q

Heat

A

a measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion

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15
Q

Specific Heat

A

of a substance is the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1^C

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16
Q

Specific heat of water

A

1 cal / g / ^C = amount of E to change temp

has a high specific heat, which allows it to minimize temperature fluctuations to within limits that permit life

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17
Q

Heat is absorbed when

A

hydrogen bonds break

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18
Q

Heat is released when

A

hydrogen bonds form

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19
Q

Evaporation

A

the transformation of a substance from a liquid to a gas

20
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from a liquid to a gas

21
Q

Evaporative cooling of water helps …

A

stabilize temperatures in organisms and bodies of water

22
Q

Ice (solid water)

A
  • less dense than liquid water and floats in liquid water
  • it is more “ordered”
  • becomes more rigid and forms a lattice
23
Q

Water’s greatest density is at

A

4 degrees Celsius

24
Q

Solvent of Life

universal solvent

A

Water

25
Q

solution

A

a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances and a solvent is the dissolving agent of a solution

26
Q

Water is a versatile solvent due to its…

A

polarity

  • can form aqueous solutions
  • the different regions of the polar water molecule can interact with ionic compounds called solutes and dissolve them
27
Q

solutes

A

ionic compounds

28
Q

Hydration shell

A

when an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion surrounded by a sphere of water molecules called a …
- can surround large/ complex molecules and break them down

29
Q

Water can interact with proteins, polar molecules, if they have…

A

ionic and polar regions

  • water is required for many physiological, cellular, biochemical, and life processes
30
Q

aqueous solutions

A

water based solutions

31
Q

Lysozyme

A
  • Protein, Enzyme (catalyst, accelerates chemical reactions/ can convert one thing into another/ highly specific)
  • part of immune system/ Innate immunity
  • found in tears, saliva, mucous, breast milk
  • water activates the enzyme to destroy bacterial cell wall
    ~highly specific for bacteria and only active in aqueous
    ~ flat –water—> “C” clamp shape
32
Q

hydrophilic substances

A

affinity for water

33
Q

hydropobic substances

A

does not have an affinity for water

34
Q

most biochemical reactions occur in water and depend on …

A

the concentration of solutes in an aqueous solution

35
Q

Water as a buffer

A

dissociation of water molecules leads to acidic and basic conditions that affects living organisms

36
Q

Water can dissociate into

A

hydronium ions (extra proton) and hydroxide ions (one proton)

-changes in the concentration of these ions in solutions can have a great affect on living organisms

37
Q

Changes in pH

A

the addition of certain solutes (acids/bases) disrupt the equilibrium and modifies the concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions

38
Q

pH scale

A

describes how acidic or basic a solution is

Acidic: [H+] > [OH-]
Neutral: [H+] = [OH-] @ 7
Basic: [H+]

39
Q

acid

A

any substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

40
Q

base

A

any substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

41
Q

pH of a solution

A
  • is determined by the relative concentrations of hydrogen ions which is high in an acid and low in a base
  • pH scale and pH values of various aqueous solutions
42
Q

physiological pH

A

about 7.3 - 7.4

i.e. blood and body

43
Q

the internal pH of most living cells must remain close to

A

around 7.0

44
Q

Buffers

A

any substance that minimize changes in the concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in solution

  • consist of an acid-base pair that reversibly combines with hydrogen ions to resist changes in pH
45
Q

Most common buffer

A

Water

amino acids are also great buffers

46
Q

Acid precipitation

A
  • refers to rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than 5.6
  • caused mainly by the mixing of different pollutants with water in the air and can fall at some distance from the source of pollutants and can damage life in Earth’s ecosystems

General Biology I E1 (5 decks)

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