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Cytophysiology > Chapter 5 - Organelles DONE > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Organelles DONE Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cytoplasm composed of?

A

All materials contained within the boundaries of the plasma membrane.

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2
Q

How are the organelles located within the cytosol?

A

Organelles do not float freely within the cytosol (liquid portion of cytoplasm) but are interconnected and joined by the framework established by proteins of the cytoskeleton.

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3
Q

What is the main function of the mitochordria?

A

The main function of the mitochondria is to harvest energy to power cells’ metabolic process.

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4
Q

Lysosomes function:

A

Lysosomes contain potent enzymes taht break down macromolecules at the end of their lifespan.

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5
Q

Perixosomes function:

A

Perixosomes are responsible for detoxification of peroxides that would otherwise damage the cell.

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6
Q

Which organelles have to be cooperative in the process of the expression of the DNA as functional proteins?

A
  • nucleus
  • ribosomes
  • the ER
  • the Golgi compex
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7
Q

How is the DNA contained in cells that are not actively dividing?

A

They are contained within the chromosomes.

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8
Q

What is the outermost structure of the nucleus called?

A

Nuclear envelope

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9
Q

Describe the nuclear envelope:

A

It is a double-layered phospholipid membrane with nuclear pores tp permit transfer of materials between the nucleus and the cytosol.

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10
Q

Where are the nuclear pores found?

A

On the nuclear envelope (the outermost structure of the nucleus)

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11
Q

Where is the chromosomes found?

A

In the nucleoplasm

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12
Q

What forms the association between the DNA and the inner nuclear membrane?

A

The nuclear lamina

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13
Q

Nucleolus:

A
  • A promintent structure within the nucleus is a suborganelle called the nucleolus.
  • is the site of ribosome production
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14
Q

Where is the site for ribosome production?

A

Nucleolus

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15
Q

What is the cellular machinery for protein synthesis?

A

The ribosomes

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16
Q

What does the ribosomes compose of?

A

They are composed of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) with apporximately 40% being protein and 60% rRNA. It has a large subunit and a small subunit

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17
Q

What does the large subunit of the ribosome compose of?

A

The large subunit contains three rRNA molecules and close to 50 proteins.

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18
Q

What does the small subunit of the ribosome compose of?

A

The small subunit contains one rRNA and approximately 30 proteins

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19
Q

When does the ribosome assemble?

A

Ribosomes assemble when needed for translation or protein synthesis form messenger RNA.

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20
Q

When does the ribosome assemble?

A

The ribosomes disassembles after completing the translation of a particular mRNA.

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21
Q

In what state are the ribosomes found?

A

Ribosomes are found within the cytosol either free or else bound to the ER.

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22
Q

How it the ER attached to the nucleus?

A

The outer layer of the nuclear envelope is contingous with the ER.

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23
Q

Sacroplasmic reticulum = ?

A

The ER of the skeletal muscle cells

24
Q

What is the ER composed of?

A
  • lumen
  • cisternae
  • SER and/or RER (?)
25
Q

RER:

A
  • The regions of the ER where ribosomes are bound to the outer membrane.
  • Bound ribosomes and the associated ER are involved in the production and modification of proteins that will be inserted into the plasma membrane, function within lysosomes, Golgi complex, or ER, or else will be secreted outside the cell.
26
Q

SER:

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) refers to the regions of ER without attached ribosomes.

27
Q

What does both RER and SER function in?

A

Both rER and sER function in the glycosylation (addition of carbohydrate) of proteins and in the synthesis of lipids.

28
Q

What does the golgi complex look like?

A

This organelle appears as flat, stacked, membranous sacs.

29
Q

What are the 3 regions of the golgi complex?

A
  • the cis, which is closest to the ER
  • the medial, whoch is between cis and trans
  • the trans Golgi, which is near the plasma membrane.
30
Q

What happens in the golgi complex regions:

A

Each region is responsible for performing distinct modifications, such as glycosylations (addition of carbohydrate), phosphorylations (addition of phosphate), or proteolysis (enzyme-mediated breakdown of protein), to the newly synthesized proteins being processed and converted into mature, functional proteins.

31
Q

What happens in the trans Golgi network?

A
  • The trans Golgi network sorts and packages the newly synthesized and modified proteins into distinct regions within the trans Golgi.
  • These regions bud off from the main body of the Golgi complex and form structures called transport vesicles.
  • Movement of these new proteins toward their final cellular or extracellular destination is facilitated in this manner.
32
Q

Can the mitochondria self replicate? And do they have their own DNA?

A

Yes

33
Q

Why is the mitochondria believed to have bacterial origins?

A

Becuase they can self replicate and because they contain their own DNA

34
Q

What is the liquid portion of the cytoskeleton called?

A

Cytosol

35
Q

How many ATP molecules are generated per glucose molecule in the red blood cells? (No miochondria)

A

2 ATP molecules

36
Q

How many ATP molecules are yield oer glucose molecule?

A

32 ATPs

37
Q

When does programmed cell death or apoptosis occure in hte mitochondria?

A

When pores are formed in the mitochondrial membrane allowing for the release of proteins that facilitate the apoptotoic death process

38
Q

What are the fold on the inner mitochondrial membrane called?

A

Cristae

39
Q

Mitochondria as independent units:

A
  • contain DNA (mtDNA) and ribosomes for the production of RNA and some mitochondrial proteins.
  • Most mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the genomic DNA of the cell’s nucleus.
40
Q

Where are mitochondria believed to have arisen from and why?

A
  • Mitochondria self replicate or divide by fission, as do bacteria. - Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from bacteria that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.
41
Q

How much of the total cellular DNA is mtDNA? And in what arrangment do they exist in?

A

mtDNA is approximately 1% of total cellular DNA and exists in a circular arrangement within the mitochondrial matrix.

42
Q

What is the survival of the eukaryotic cells dependent on?

A

Survival of eukaryotic cells depends on intact mitochondria.

43
Q

Mitochondria in apoptosis:

A

When the process of programmed cell death or apoptosis is stimulated in a cell, proapoptotic proteins insert into the mitochondrial membrane, forming pores. A protein known as cytochrome c can then leave the intermembrane space of the mitochondria through the pores, entering the cytosol.
Cytochrome c in the cytosol stimulates a cascade of biochemical events resulting in apoptotic death of the cell.

44
Q

What is the pH in the lysosome?

A

pH = 5

45
Q

What are the lysosomes formed from?

A

They are formed from regions of the Golgi complex that pinch off when proteins destined for the lysosome reach the trans Golgi.

46
Q

The enzymes on the lysosomes:

A

Lysosomes contain potent enzymes known collectively as acid hydrolases. These enzymes are synthesized on ribosomes bound to the ER. They function within the acidic environment of lysosomes to hydrolyze or break down macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids).

47
Q

What does the peroxisomes resemble?

A

Peroxisomes resemble lysosomes in size and in structure.

48
Q

Peroxisomes structure and what it contains:

A

They have single membranes enclosing them and contain hydrolytic enzymes.

49
Q

What are peroxisomes formed from?

A

They are formed from regions of the ER as opposed to regions of the Golgi complex.

50
Q

Where are enzymes that function in peroxisomes synthesized from?

A

Enzymes that function in peroxisomes are synthesized on free ribosomes and are not modified in the ER or Golgi complex.

51
Q

What happens with different substances in the peroxisomes?

A
  • Within peroxisomes, fatty acids and purines (AMP and GMP) are broken down.
  • Hydrogen peroxide, a toxic by-product of many metabolic reactions, is detoxified in peroxisomes.
52
Q

What does the peroxisomes participate in within the liver cells (hepatocytes)?

A

Within liver cells (hepatocytes), peroxisomes participate in cholesterol and bile acid synthesis.

53
Q

Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of myelin?

A

Peroxisomes are also involved in the synthesis of myelin, the substance that forms a protective sheath around many neurons.

54
Q

Did not do the clinical boxes

A

Read them on ur own

55
Q

What does mitochondrial cytopathies result from?

A

These disorders may result from mutations in mtDNA or from mutations in genomic genes that encode mitochondrial proteins and enzymes. Because mitochondria from sperm cells do not enter a fertilized egg, mitochondria are inherited exclusively from the mother. Therefore, disorders of mtDNA are also inherited from the mother only. Siblings share mitochondria with each other and with their mother, causing mitochondrial disorders that arise from mtDNA mutations to occur within families. Some individuals may be affected more or less severely even within a family. It is estimated that 1 in 4,000 children in the United States will develop a mitochondrial disorder by age 10. Some diseases of aging (type 2 diabetes, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, atherosclerosis, etc.) may also result in part from decreased mitochondrial function.

Cytophysiology (13 decks)

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