Chapter 1 - Stem Cells And Differentiation

Question 1

Pluripotency

Answer 1

Is a cells ‘s capacity to give rice to all cell types in the body but not to the supporting structures, such as the placenta, amnion, and chorion, all of which are needed for the development of an organism

Question 2

Unipotency

Answer 2

Is a cell’s capacity to give rise to only one cell type

Question 3

Multipotency

Answer 3

Is a cell’s capacity to give rise to a small number of different cell type

Question 4

Plasticity def.;

Answer 4

The ability to differentiate into mutltiple cell types is called PLASTICITY

Question 5

Subdivisons of unipotent stem cells;

Answer 5

• hematopoietic stem cells
• mesenchymal stem cells
• skin stem cells
• neural stem cells
• epithelial stem cells

Question 6

Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to;

Answer 6

• all the blood cells

Question 7

Mesenchymal stem cells = ?

Answer 7

Bone marrow stromal cells

Question 8

Mesenchymal stem cells gives rise to;

Answer 8

• osteoblast (bone cells)
• chondrocytes (cartilage cells)
• adipocytes (fat cells)
• other kinds of connective tissue

Question 9

Skin stem cells

Answer 9

• > epidermal stem cells gives rise to; keratinocytes

- > follicular stem cells gives rise to; hair follicles and the epidermis

Question 10

Neural stem cells give rise to;

Answer 10

• nerve cells (neurons)
• astrocytes
• oligodendrosytes

Question 11

Nonneuronal cells;

Answer 11

Astrocytes and oligodendrosytes

Question 12

Intermediate progenitor cells = ?

Answer 12

Transit amplifying cells

Question 13

Epigenic modification

Answer 13

Change that affects the cell without directly affecting the DNA sequence

Question 14

Polycomb group of proteins

Answer 14

One group of proteins that is important in silencing the genome through its ability to modify HISTONE proteins

Question 15

Assymetric cell division

Answer 15

A mechanism that maintain the stem cell populations while also generating differentiated populations. Two daughter cells are produced but they have different fate

Question 16

Stem cell niche

Answer 16

• The microenviroment that controls the self-renewal and maintenace of stem cells.
• The niche saves stem cells from depletion, while protecting the host from overproduction of stem cells.

Question 17

Metaplasia

Answer 17

Is a switch that occurs in tissue differentiation that converts one cell type to another

Question 18

Totiopotency

Answer 18

Is the potential of a single cell to develop into a total organism (eg. Fertilized egg and the four cell stage)

Question 19

Transcription factors that maintain pluripotency:

Answer 19

• Oct3/4
• Sox2
• Nanog

Question 20

Effector proteins

Answer 20

• Uft1
• Sall4
• Eras
• Tcl1
• b-Myb
• c-Myc

Question 21

Ectoderm (external layer) form;

Answer 21

• Skin cells or epidermis
• Neuron of brain
• Pigment cell

Question 22

Mesoderm (middle layer) form;

Answer 22

• Cardiac muscle
• Skeletal muscle cells
• Tubule cells of the kidney
• Red blood cells
• Smooth muscle (in gut)

Question 23

Endoderm (internal layer) form;

Answer 23

• Pancreatic layer
• Thyroid cell
• Lung cell (alveolar cell)

Question 24

Germ cell

Answer 24

• Sperm

- Egg