Chapter 5: Okinawa Flashcards
Japanese students of Buddhism studying in Chinese monasteries were undoubtedly exposed to the Shaolin techniques of the monk _____, and it is reported that many of the more adventurous of these, after completing their training, set sail _____ in order to spread the teachings to the known world.
Bodhidharma
eastward
By the _____ century, China had officially recognized Japan as an independent political entity. At various times official diplomatic and cultural missions comprised of _____ priests, soldiers, and statesmen passed between the Chinese mainland and Japan.
seventh
Japanese
There is a widely held hypothesis that ch’uan fa entered the Ryukyus via China’s _____ district during the sixth-and seventh-century reign of China’s _____ dynasty.
Foochow
Sui
Possibly the strongest support for the claim that karate is an innate part of Okinawan culture is based on some of the Ryukyu islanders’ classical _____.
dances
In year _____ official Chinese-Okinawan relations were instituted when Okinawa’s King Satto expressed his _____ to the Ming emperor of China. In the following centuries ch’uan fa found its way into the Ryukyus.
1372
allegiance
This ancient Okinawan style of combat was termed _____.
tode
Among the Orientalists who have studied Okinawan military history and martial art development, there is a general agreement that ch’uan fa is only _____ responsible for the birth of present-day Okinawan karate.
partly
In Okinawa, since little recorded data has been found on the history of karate, we look to the oral traditions that cite the beginning of the _____ century as the period when a karate-like art began to be practiced generally.
fourteenth
This karate-like art was greatly stimulated by the mission of Chinese officials and their entourage, sent to Okinawa by Emperor Hung Wu in year _____.
1372
During the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) a permanent Okinawan _____ began to develop on Chinese soil at the Chinese _____ of Ch’uan-chou.
settlement
capital
The year _____ saw a sudden spurt in the migration of Chinese people to Okinawa. This was the result of an imperial gift from China in the form of a large body of skilled artisans and merchants.
1393
This group of Chinese, which soon had formed into its own community, has long been referred to as the “_____ Families.” In this case the term refers to a much larger number; i.e., to Okinawa’s Chinese community as a whole.
Thirty-six
Oral tradition states that these “Thirty-six Families” were largely responsible for the spread of _____ ___ throughout the _____ Islands.
ch’uan fa
Ryukyu
During the 16th and 17th centuries Okinawa’s two large towns, _____ and _____, became famous as centers of an increasingly profitable traffic in luxury goods.
Shuri
Naha
It is a virtual certainty that in this time of trade activity (16th and 17th centuries) Okinawans gained _____, if not all, of their insight into the Southeast Asian forms of unarmed combat.
most
The great _____ clan in southern Kyushu (Japan) made a military expedition in Okinawa in _____ which ended Okinawan independence and made way for complete control over all the Ryukyus.
Satsuma
1609
A number of prohibitive ordinances proclaimed by Iehisa Shimazu included a ban on all _____.
weapons
The various Okinawan ch’uan fa groups and tode societies had a series of secret conferences that resulted in their banding together in year _____ as a united front against the Satsuma clan.
1629
The result was that a new fighting style developed from this combination of tode and ch’uan fa, which was simply called ___, or literally, “_____.”
te
hand
Te might be described as the intermediate stage between tode-ch’uan fa and _____.
karate
During these early years of development, te practice was shrouded in utmost _____ due to the iron-clad Satsuma edict that was designed to eradicate every trace of the Okinawan martial arts.
secrecy
The three leading te schools—located in _____, _____, and _____—went “underground” to avoid detection by the Satsuma samurai.
Shuri
Naha
Tomari
In year _____ Satsuma’s “unofficial” occupation of Okinawa ended and the Ryukyu Islands became officially a part of the Japanese Empire.
1875
Those applying for their admission to a karate school were generally called upon to take rather severe vows of _____ and allegiance. This was done so that they would realize the importance of preventing at all cost the secrets they were about to learn from leaking into a rival camp.
silence
Since there are virtually no written references to the native art of the Ryukyus (tode), the scant information that we have on it is based on _____ traditions.
oral
Tode is considered by some to be _____ to Okinawa because ch’uan fa uses mainly kaishu which refers to _____-handed techniques, while tode employs the use of the _____ technique called taiso.
indigenous
open
fist
However, there seems to be a general agreement among contemporary karate authorities that _____ ___ did play an important part in the development of tode.
ch’uan fa
Modern karate is said to be a combination of closed-fist techniques from _____, finger-thrusting (nukite) techniques from _____, open-handed forms from _____, and kicking techniques from _____ _____.
Okinawa
Taiwan
China
Southeast Asia
After 1903 karate became more or less standardized in various styles or “_____,” some of which are: Goju-ryu, Shorin-ryu, Shotokan, Shito-ryu, Shindo Jinen-ryu, Wado-ryu, Kushinryu, and Kanyu.
ryu
In _____ karate was officially brought into Japan by _____ _____ when he demonstrated the art at the great Japanese martial arts headquarters in Kyoto called the _____.
1915
Gichin Funakoshi
Butokuden
The theory that these travelers brought a karate-like art to Okinawa is plausible, as members of the Japanese _____ class or _____ generally escorted these missions.
warrior
samurai
