Chapter 5 Nutrition Transition a Global Perspective Flashcards
Nutrition-related noncommunicable disease (NRNC disease)
due to nutrition transition diseases such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes becomes prevalent.
nutrition transition
the rapid shifts in diet and body composition
in particular is the rapid shift in much of the world’s low and moderate income countries from the stage of receding famine to nutrition related noncommunicable disease (NR-NCD)
There are 5 patterns of transition and the shift from pattern 3 to 4 is of such great concern that this shift from pattern 3 to 4 is often termed “nutrition Transition”
Note: the 5 patterns are:
- collecting food
- famine
- receding famin
- nutrition-Related Noncommunicable disease
- Behavioural Change
5 Key Points of nutrition transition
- the speed of increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the developing world in greater than that seen in higher income developed countries.
- the major dietary changes are: increased intake of edible oil(an increase that is affordable by the worlds poor in the majority of even the lower income countries); increased intake of caloric sweetner and also a rapid total intake of animal source foods.
- a marked upward shift in the technologies available to the developing world for work , transportation, home production, and leisure are combining to rapidly increase sedentarianism.
- there is emerging research that indicates that there night be important biological differences between the populations found in Asia, Africa, and Latin America that might predispose many of them to higher risk of many nutrition-related non-communicable disease at lower BMI levels that heretofore found in the US and Europe.
- The UK has created an exemplary program to reduce the prevalence of obesity while in the low income and developing world only Mexico today and and ongoing systematic effort underway.
What are the 5 patterns of nutritional transition?
- collecting food
- famine
- receding famine
- nutrition-related noncommunicable disease
- behavioral change
Briefly explain pattern 1 Collecting food.
diet characterizes hunter-gatherer populations, is high in carbohydrates and fiber and low in fat esp, saturated fat.
meat from wild animals has a significantly higher proportion of polyunsaturated fat than does meat from the modern domesticated animals.
activity patterns are very high and little obesity is found among hunter-gatherers is based on modern hunter-gatherers as there is much less evidence on prehistoric people.
we shift from hunter gatherers to more sedentary communities, this is as much about the development of farming and agriculture and how it affected our diet and overall style.
Explain Pattern 2: Famine
the diet becomes much less varied and subject to perionds of acute scarcity of food.
changes related to a shift towards settlements and cultivation first of crops and later also livestock and poultry.
dietary changes are hypothesized to be associated with nutritional stress and reduction in stature by even 4 inches
during later phases of this pattern, social stratification intensifies and dietary variation according to gender and social status increases.
types of physical activities changed but there was little change in activity levels during this period
Explain pattern 3: Receding Famine
the consumption fo fruits, veggies and animal proteing increases and starchy staples become less impt.
many earlier civilizations made great progress in reducing chronic hunger and famines, but only in the last third of the last millennium have these changes become widespead, leading to marked shifts in diet.
faminies continued well into the eighteen century in portions of Europe and remain common in some regions of the world.
Activity patterns start to shift and inactivity and leisure becomes a part of the lives of more people.
Explain Pattern 4: Nutrition-Related Noncommunicable Disease
a diet hight in total fat, cholesterol, sugar, and other refined carbs and low in polyunsaturated fatty acids and fiber, often accompanying and increasingly sedentary life is characteristic of most hight-income societies (and increasingly of portions of the population of low-income sicieties).
This results in increased prevalence of obesity and contributing to the degenerative diseases that characterize Omran’s final epidemiologic stage.
Omran’s epidemiological transition moves from a pattern of high prevalence of infectious diseases and malnutrition of a pattern where chronic and degenerative disease predominate.
Explain Pattern 5 of the nutrition transition: Behavioural change
a new dietary pattern appears to be emerging as a result of changes in diet evidently associated with the desire to prevent or delay degenerative diseases and prolong health.
whether these changes instituted in some countries by consumers and in others as a result of prodding by government policy, will constitute a large-scale transition in dietary structure and body composition remains to be seen.
What is does CDL mean?
Chronic Disease of Lifestyle
How do studies of nutrition transition help us understand CDL?
(chronic diseases of lifestyle)
to be added later
What are some critical dimensions in reference to nutrition transition (5.2)
Biological mismatch: i.e. evolved biology is mismatched with modern food and drink and technology of marketing and distribution.
What are the four major domains of bological mismatch (5.2.1)?
Our evolved biology vs modern technology
sweet preference vs cheap caloric sweeteners, use of sugars in food processing
thirst vs hunger/satiety mechanisms are not linked vs caloric beverage revolution
fatty food preferences vs edible oil revolution, cheap edible oils
desire to reduce exertion vs technology in all phases of movement and exertion
Discuss the major features of the Campbell and Chen study in relation to the cause of CDL (chronic diseases of lifestyle)
See study
Why is the speed of change greater today with regards to nutrition transition? (5.2.2)
- rapid changes in urban populations are much greater than those experienced a century or less ago
- also possibly the rapid introduction of modern mass media
- changes in diet toward a high density diet, reduced complex carbs, and other impt elements
- also inactivity may be increasing faster than in the past.
- globalization (rapid change and influence of modern communications, technology and economic systems.)``
