Chapter 5: Motivation

Question 1

What is Motivation?

Answer 1

The process by which a person’s efforts are
energized, directed and sustained toward
attaining a goal.

Question 2

What are the four early theories of motivation?

Answer 2

• Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene theory
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory
• McGregor’s theory X and theory Y
• Three-Needs theory

Question 3

What is Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene theory?

Answer 3

The motivation theory that intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction and motivation, whereas extrinsic factors are associated with job dissatisfaction.

Intrinsic factors: job satisfaction
Extrinsic factors: job dissatisfaction

Question 4

What is the role of a motivator in Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene theory?

Answer 4

Motivators are intrinsic factors that increase job satisfaction and motivation.

Question 5

What is the role of hygiene factors in Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene theory?

Answer 5

Hygiene factors are extrinsic factors that eliminate job dissatisfaction but do not motivate.

Question 6

Herzberg’s view of job dissatisfaction and job satisfaction?

Answer 6

Hygiene factors:
- Job dissatisfaction (Absent)
- No job dissatisfaction (Present)

Motivators:
- No job satisfaction (Absent)
- Job satisfaction (Present)

Question 7

What are motivators?

Answer 7

• Work itself
• Achievement
• Recognition
• Growth
• Advancement
• Responsibility

(W,A,R,G,A,R)

Question 8

What is Work itself (motivators)?

Answer 8

Work itself refers to the nature of the job/work.

Question 9

What is Achievement (Motivators)?

Answer 9

Achievement refers to reaching and achieving targets.

Question 10

What is Recognition (Motivators)?

Answer 10

Recognition refers to acknowledgement that management gives to employees.

Question 11

What is Growth (Motivators)?

Answer 11

Growth refers to personal development of the staff.

Question 12

What is Advancement (Motivators)?

Answer 12

Advancement refers to career advancement.

Question 13

What is Responsibility (Motivators)?

Answer 13

Responsibility refers to additional responsibilities beyond their current responsibilities.

Question 14

What are the hygiene factors?

Answer 14

• Working condition
• Company policy
• Personal life
• Relationship with supervisor
• Relationship with peers
• Relationship with subordinates
• Salary
• Status
• Security
• Supervision

Question 15

What is working condition (hygiene factor)?

Answer 15

Working conditions refer to the working environment, the company’s premises.

Question 16

What is company policy (hygiene factor)?

Answer 16

Company policy refers to whether the company has clear policies.

Question 17

What is personal life (hygiene factor)?

Answer 17

Personal life refers to an employee’s personal life.

Question 18

What is Relationship with supervisor (hygiene factor)?

Answer 18

Refers to relationship employee has with supervisor.

Question 19

What is Relationship with peers (hygiene factor)?

Answer 19

Refers to relationship employee has with colleagues/peers/coworkers.

Question 20

What is Relationship with subordinates (hygiene factor)?

Answer 20

Refers to relationship manager has with subordinates.

Question 21

What is salary (hygiene factor)?

Answer 21

Salary refers to being paid the market rate for performing the job duties and responsibilities.

Question 22

What is status (hygiene factor)?

Answer 22

Status refers to job titles.

Question 23

What is security (hygiene factor)?

Answer 23

Security refers to job security.

Question 24

What is supervision (hygiene factor)?

Answer 24

Supervision refers to clear instructions, clear guidelines given by the supervisor to the employee.

Question 25

What are the four Contemporary theories of motivation?

Answer 25

- Expectancy theory - Goal-Setting theory - Reinforcement theory - Equity theory

Question 26

What is the Expectancy theory?

Answer 26

An individual tends to act in a certain way based on the expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual.

Question 27

What is the Expectancy model?

Answer 27

Inidividual effort -(A)-> Individual Performance -(B)-> Organizational Rewards -(C)-> Individual Goals A) Effort-Performance linkage or Expectancy B) Performance-Reward linkage or Instrumentality C) Attractiveness of Reward or Valence

Question 28

What is Effort-Performance linkage or Expectancy?

Answer 28

The probability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to a certain level of performance.

Question 29

What is Performance-Reward linkage or Instrumentality?

Answer 29

The degree to which the individual believes/perception that performing at a particular level is instrumental in attaining the desired outcome.

Question 30

What is Attractiveness of Reward or Valence?

Answer 30

The importance that the individual places on the potential outcome or reward that can be achieved on the job. Valence considers both the goals and needs of the individual.