Chapter 5 (Lecture 4) Flashcards
Addiction
Compulsive use of a substance despite all adverse consequences
Symptoms of substance use disorders
- Impaired control
- using more of a substance or more often than intended
- Social problems
- neglecting responsibilities and relationships
- Risky use
- using in risky settings despite known problems
- Physical dependence
- needing more of the substance to get the same effect
Contributing Factors to Development of Addiction
Genetic/Epigenetic
- genes involved in dopamine receptors
Brain Function
- reward circuit potentiation
Psychological
- positive and negative reinforcement
- expectancy effect
Social & Sociocultural
- childhood maltreatment
- victimization
- adolescence, college and advertising
Liking vs Wanting
Liking
- pleasure part, the enjoyment part
Wanting
- seen in drug addicts, report they do not want cocaine but their enjoyment is still intact and they will administer the same amount but still report lower/no want
Drive Theory of Addiction
Proposed by Abraham Wikler
- repeated drug use causes a motivation, or drive, to engage in seeking a drug’s positive reinforcing effects
- drug use —> positive reinforcing effects —> drug seeking behaviour (loops)
Opponent Process Theory of Addiction
Solomon and Corbit
Effects of a drug are automatically counteracted by opposing actions in the body
Incentive-Salience Model
Addiction occurs when an individual goes from “liking” the effects to “wanting” the effects
Environmental Triggers
Location of use, social settings and peer pressure, traumatic events, being around paraphernalia
Physiological Factors
Craving of substance and pain relief
Psychological Factors
Paranoia, Depression, Mood disorders, Hallucinations, Anxiety
Consequences
Kidney failure, Heart failure, Paranoia, Depression, Mood disorders, Hallucinations
Treatment Options
Medication
- agonist substitution, antagonist treatment, aversive treatment
12-step programs
Personalized Treatment
Continual Reassessment