Chapter 3

Question 1

Central Nervous System

Answer 1

Brain and Spinal Cord

Question 2

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 2

Outside of skull and spine, brings information into the CNS and carry signals out as well

Question 3

Collections of axons

Answer 3

Nerve - collection of axons OUTSIDE the CNS

Tract - collection of axons INSIDE the CNS

Question 4

Describe the flow of information

Answer 4

Afferent - information carried into region of interest *Arrive

Efferent - information carried away from region of interest *Exit

Question 5

Neurons found as a cluster

Answer 5

Ganglion - cluster of neuron cell bodies OUTSIDE the CNS

Nucleus - cluster of cell bodies INSIDE the CNS

Question 6

PNS subdivisions?

Answer 6

Somatic Nervous System & Autonomic Nervous System

Question 7

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 7

Interacts with body’s external environment; body surface and muscles

Question 8

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 8

Interacts with body’s internal environment; internal organs

Question 9

Sympathetic motor nerves

Answer 9

Project from neurons in lumbar and thoracic

• controls involuntary movement of internal organs, prepares body using fight or flight, causes arousal

Question 10

Parasympathetic motor nerves

Answer 10

Project from neurons in cranial and sacral

• promotes vegetative, nonemergency responses; rest and restore

Question 11

Structures that protect the CNS

Answer 11

Physical and Chemical protection

Physical: bones, membranes (meninges), cerebrospinal fluid

Chemical: blood brain barrier

Question 12

Meninges

Answer 12

Three meninges:

Duramater - tough outer membrane

Arachnoid membrane - weblike membrane

Pia mater - adheres to CNS surface

Question 13

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

Answer 13

Two main functions:

1. Acts as shock absorber
2. Provides exchange medium between blood and brain

Question 14

Blood Brain Barrier (functions and general properties)

Answer 14

Functions
- protects the brain from foreign substances
- protects the brain from hormones and neurotransmitters in rest of body
- maintains constant environment for brain

General Properties
- large molecules do not pass through BBB easily
- lipid soluble molecules rapidly cross through into the brain but do not penetrate
- molecules that are highly charged are slowed

Question 15

Neurons

Answer 15

Specialized cells for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals

Consists of: soma, axon, axon terminals, and dendrites

Question 16

Glia

Answer 16

Outnumber neurons 10:1

Serve to support the functions of neurons
- structural support, insulation, nourishment

Question 17

Classes of Glia

Answer 17

Oligodendrocytes, Schwann, Astrocytes, Microglia

Question 18

Structure of the Spine

Answer 18

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccyx (geal for the nerve)

Question 19

Agonistic

Answer 19

When an externally administered drug binds to an activates a receptor mimicking effect of neurotransmitter

Question 20

Antagonistic

Answer 20

Externally administered drug binds and inhibits a receptor, preventing effect of neurotransmitter

Question 21

Acetylcholine

Answer 21

First neurotransmitter to be discovered

Plays a role in cortical activation, learning and memory, indirectly in reward and sleep

Question 22

Dopamine

Answer 22

Plays a role in reward, motivation, certain types of memory

Question 23

Norepinephrine

Answer 23

Plays a role in attention, sleep and wakefulness, feeding behaviour, emotions

Question 24

Serotonin

Answer 24

Mood, aggression, sleep-wake cycles, dreaming, appetite

Question 25

5 major categories of large molecule neurotransmitters

Answer 25

Miscellaneous peptides, brain-gut peptides, pituitary peptides, hypothalamic peptides, opioid peptides