Chapter 5-Learning

Question 1

3 types of learning

Answer 1

1. Classical conditioning
2. Operant conditioning
3. Observational Learning

Question 2

1. Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

Discovered by Ivan Pavlov
Ex -sound of dentists drill: sweaty palms
-smell of wife’s perfume: smiling
-noise of can opener: cat comes running

Question 3

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 3

Triggers reflexive response

spicy food, shot gun, giving a speech, warm bottle

Question 4

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 4

Reflex response

Ex -sweating, hiding, sick, heart racing

Question 5

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 5

Originally neutral stimulus then acquires significance through pairing w the US
Ex -specific restaurant, thunderstorm, bell on microwave, perfume, light

Question 6

Conditioned Response (CS)

Answer 6

Learned response to CS
*always the same as UR
Ex sweating, hiding, drooling

Question 7

Avoidance Learning

Answer 7

CS is paired w unpleasant US that leads individual to avoid CS.
*John Watson 
Ex little Albert 
Us-noise
Ur- fearful crying 
Cs-white rat

Question 8

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 8

Tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to conditioned response
Ex little Albert had phobia of white furry objects

Question 9

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 9

Ability to distinguish between the different stimuli (poisonous mushroom vs delicious mushroom, police vs headlights on other cars)

Question 10

Biological Preparedness

Answer 10

Built-in readiness for quick learning (less conditioning is necessary)
Ex fear of heights vs fear of running across road

Question 11

Classical Conditioning Recap

Answer 11

Type of learning where organism comes to associate one stimulus w another (Pavlovian conditioning)

Classical Conditioning involves learning one event predicts another

Question 12

2. Operant Conditioning

Answer 12

Learning produced by active behavior of individual
Ex slot machine, dog tricks
do something recieve surprise

Question 13

Law of Effect

Answer 13

Responses followed by positive outcomes are repeated, whereas followed by negative outcomes are not

Question 14

Skinner box

Answer 14

Device animal can operate in order to get reward, controlled by experimenter
Ex rat presses bar, obtains food pellets from tube

Question 15

Reinforcer

Answer 15

Stimulus increases probability that the operant associated w it will happen again

Question 16

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 16

Event that strengthens response after response occurs

Ex food, smiles, food, money

Question 17

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 17

satisfies need (food, water, sleep)

Question 18

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 18

Doesn’t satisfy physical need (applause, attention, praise)

Question 19

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 19

Constant unpleasant state/event is removed following desired behavior
Ex maintains shock until the correct response is uttered, open umbrella in the rain

Question 20

Punishment

Answer 20

DECREASES the probability by providing unpleasant stimulus after undesired response
Ex yelling at dog, taking phone away, shocking after correct answer

Question 21

Difference between punishment and negative reinforcement

Answer 21

Punishment- decreases response

Negative Reinforcement- strengthens a response

Question 22

Shaping

Answer 22

Gradual process of rewarding behaviors that get closer to target behavior

Question 23

Successive Approximation

Answer 23

Series of smaller behaviors involved in shaping complex behavior

Question 24

Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement

Answer 24

Provide reinforcement after fixed number of responses
FR 10- rat receives food after 10th bar tap
20 sit-ups then a drink

Question 25

Variable-Ratio Reinforcement

Answer 25

Reinforcement after a given number of responses, but that number varies from one reinforcement to the next
AVERAGE
Ex VR 30 schedule- rat rewarded after 10, then 50, average of 30

Question 26

Fixed-Interval Reinforcement

Answer 26

Providing reinforcement for the first response that occurs after some fixed time has passed since last reward

ex FI 60- first response after 60 seconds pass
Self administered medication drops( only so much every so often)

Question 27

Variable-Interval Reinforcement

Answer 27

The amt of time varies for the reinforcement

Ex surprise points given on random days

Question 28

Ratio

Answer 28

Concerned w number of responses not regarding time

Question 29

Interval

Answer 29

concerned w time intervals and number of responses

Question 30

3. Observational Learning

Answer 30

learning that occurs through observation, not direct reinforcement.