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Anatomie et Physiologie > Chapter 5 : Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 : Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. protection (abrasion, uv rays, microorganisms)
  2. sensation
  3. vit. D production
  4. Temp regulation (controlling blood flow to skin, sweat glands)
  5. excretion
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2
Q

What is the function of hypodermis?

A

Hypodermis is a loose connective tissue that contains fats and it aids in padding and insulation.

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3
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A
  • fibroblasts, fat cells, macrophages
  • fat cells, blood vessels
  • nerve endings, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, lymphatic vessels
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4
Q

What is dermal papillae?

A

The upper part of dermis which stretch towards epidermis. It contains blood vessels to supply epidermis with blood, excretion, regulate body temp.

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5
Q

What is keratinization?

A

Keratinization is the transformation of stratum basale cells into stratum corneum cells.

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6
Q

What is stratum basale?

A

the lower layer of the stratum, consists of cuboidal and columnar cells, push new cells to top

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7
Q

What is stratum corneum?

A

the outermost layer of dead squamous cells with keratin protein

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8
Q

How are melanin produced?

A
  1. genetic factors: responsible for amounts of melanin produced
  2. exposure to uv light
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9
Q

What is albinism?

A

a recessive genetic trait that produced fair skin, white hair, white irises (unpigmented)

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10
Q

Explain about carotene.

A

A yellow pigment in plants (squash and carrots)

They can accumulate in lipids of stratum corneum and gives skin a yellowish tint

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11
Q

Explain the production of hair.

A
  1. formed by epithelial cells in the hairbulb
  2. the cells divide and undergo keratinization
  3. longer hair = more added dead cells
  4. growth stops (resting stage) = hair is held in hair follicle
  5. when new growth stage continues, new hair is formed and old hair falls out
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12
Q

Explain about the muscles in the skin.

A
  • smooth muscles cells called arrector pili
  • when they contract, the arrector pili stands erect
  • beneficial in animals: insulation, more ferocious look
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13
Q

Explain about the Sebaceous glands.

A
  • simple, branched acinar glands
  • connected by duct to hair follicles
  • produce sebum which lubricates hair and surface of skin
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14
Q

Explain about the merocrine sweat glands.

A
  • located in palms and soles
  • secretion is mostly water
  • sweats to cool body
  • caused by environmental conditions and emotional stress
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15
Q

Explain about the apocrine sweat glands.

A
  • produce thick secretion of rich organic products
  • located in axillary and genitalia (become active at puberty)
  • odorless but when mixed with bacteria, becomes body odor
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16
Q

How does the integumentary system provide protection?

A
  1. prevent water loss
  2. prevents entry of microorganisms
  3. protects against abrasion
  4. melanin absorbs UV light
  5. hair (insulation, prevent foreign substances, prevent dust and particles)
  6. nails: defense, protection of digits
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17
Q

How does the integumentary system provide sensation?

A

the receptors detect pain, heat, cold, pressure

the movement of hair is detected

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18
Q

How does the integumentary system provide vit d production ?

A

when exposed to UV light,

  1. vit d precursor is formed
  2. this is carried to the liver to be modified
  3. this is carried to kidney to be modified further to form vit. D

roles:
1. stimulated calcium + phosphate uptake in intestines
2. normal bone metabolism
3. normal muscle function

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19
Q

How does the integumentary system provide temperature regulation?

A

importance: rate of chemical reactions, homeostasis
raise: exercise, fever, environmental conditions
reduce: homeostasis, radiation, convection, conduction, evaporation

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20
Q

How does the integumentary system provide excretion?

A

removal of waste products from body, sweat (urea, uric acid, ammonia)

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21
Q

How heat loss is reduced?

A

construction of blood to skin, reduce heat transfer to tissues

if skin temperature drops, blood vessels dilate and allow blood to flow

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22
Q

How can the integumentary system be used in a diagonistic aid?

A

easy to observe and diagnose.

  1. cyanosis: bluish color due to decreased oxygen content ; impaired system function (respiratory or circulation)
  2. jaundice: yellow color skin due to impaired liver due to disease
  3. rash or lesions: problems elsewhere in the body, allergic reaction to food or drugs
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23
Q

Explain about the first degree burns.

A
  • only epidermis
  • red, painful
  • slight edema
  • caused by sunburn, exposure to hot or cold
  • heal without scars (1 wk)
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24
Q

Explain about second degree burns.

A
  • damaged epidermis and dermis
  • 2 weeks healing
  • no scars
  • epithelial tissue in hair follicles and sweat glands aid in regeneration
  • if deep burn: takes months and may scar
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25
Q

Explain about third degree burns.

A
  • completely destroyed epidermis and dermis
  • painless bc sensory receptors destroyed
  • white, tan, brown, cherry red

-

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26
Q

Explain about deep partial thickness burns.

A

takes longer to heal, forms scars which could lead to disfiguration and debilitating wound contracture

27
Q

What are the treatments of scars in burns?

A
  1. skin grafts: skin from another area of body over burn allows interstitial fluid to nourish graft until blood vessels flow into graft
  2. donor tissue : produce new epidermis from epithelial tissue
28
Q

Explain about the basal cell carcinoma.

A
  • most common
  • begins with stratum basale and extend to dermis to produce ulcer
  • treatment: surgery, radiation
  • no metastasize
29
Q

Explain about the squamous cell carcinoma.

A
  • from cells immediately superficial to stratum basale
  • continues cell division
  • result: nodular, keratinized tumor
  • metastasize and death
30
Q

Explain about the malignant melanoma.

A
  • rare, moslty from melanocytes (moles)
  • large, flat spreading lesion
  • can metastasize and death
31
Q

What are the prevents of skin cancer?

A

limited exposure to sun, using sunscreen

32
Q

What are the effects of aging on integumentary system?

A
  1. easily damaged because of thin epidermis
  2. less collagen and elastic fibres so saggy and wrinkly
  3. decrease in sweat gland function and blood supply = poor regulation, drier skin
  4. production of age spots,
  5. lack of melanin production, white grey hair
33
Q

What happens in large burns?

A

Immediately after the burn, the capillaries become more permeable, allowing fluids and ions to be lost from burn wound.
This loss decreases blood volume, which decreases the pumping of heart and decreases blood supply to tissues and cause tissue damage and shock and death.

Treatment:
administering intravenous fluid at a faster rate than the rate of loss will reverse the shock and prevent death but will continue to cause edema.

34
Q

List the effects of burns.

A
  1. released substances cause cells abnormalities
  2. increased hyper-metabolic rate
  3. increased body temp : 38.5 C
  4. calorie intake needs to be doubled, need more proteins
35
Q

What are the ways to maintain infections?

A
  1. aseptic environment
  2. antimicrobial drugs
  3. debridement (removal of dead tissue from burn)
  4. skin grafts
36
Q

What is acne?

A

Inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands.

causes: hormones, sebum, bacteria, abnormal keratinization

37
Q

What is impetigo?

A

A disease caused by staphylococcus aureus.

  • in children
  • transmitted by physical touch
38
Q

What is decubitis ulcers?

A

bedsores from being in bed for too long

  • weight of body compresses tissue and reduce circulation
  • destruction of hypodermis
  • the skin dies and produce infected ulcers
39
Q

What is rubella?

A

mild disease,
could be transmitted during pregnancy (can cross placenta and damage fetus; cataracts, deafness, heart defects, mental retardation, death)

40
Q

What is chicken pox ?

A

mild disease during childhood

41
Q

What is herpes?

A

occurs after chicken pox, within nerve cells

causes: stress, trauma, other illness
effects: painful lesions along nerve’s pathway

42
Q

What is cold sores, fever blisters?

A

by herpes simplex I virus,

sexual contact, produce genital lesions

43
Q

What is ringworms?

A

fungal infections = patchy scaling, inflammatory response in skin

  1. in scalp: ringworm
  2. in groin: jock itch
  3. in foot: athlete’s foot
44
Q

What is eczema and dermatitis?

A

inflammatory conditions of skin

causes:
- poor circulation
- exposure to physical factors

45
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

increased cell division in stratum basale

effects: abnormal keratin production, elongation of dermal papillae
- thick stratum crneum that sloughs to scaly skin

no treatment but can be controlled by drugs

46
Q

What is warts?

A

uncontrolled growths of epidermis, caused by papilomavirus

  • benign
  • can be removed
47
Q

What changes occur in the skin as a result of aging?

A

As a person ages there are less collagen fibers and elastic fibers which causes sagging and wrinkles in the skin. There is a decrease in the activity of sweat glands and a decrease in blood supply to the dermis which results in the decreased ability to regulate body temperature. The skin becomes dryer and there is also less production of melanin which causes white or gray hair. they are also age spots on the skin.

48
Q

What is the most common cause of skin cancer? Describe three types of skin cancer and the risks of each type.

A

The most common cause of skin cancer is from UV light from the sun.

The three types of skin cancer are:
1. basal cell carcinoma: the risks of basal cell carcinoma isn’t that money because they do not metastasized

  1. squamous cell carcinoma:
  2. malignant melanoma:
    squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma they can be fatal because they can metastasize to other areas of the body
49
Q

Where are the cells that make up the nail produced? And what kind of cells make up and nail? What is the lunula?

A

Dead stratum corneum cells (contains hard type of keratin)
Lunula is the whitish, moon shaped part of the nail bed.
Nails grow continuously and do not have a resting stage. The production of nails within the nail matrix results in growth of nail.

50
Q

Name the parts of a nail.

A

Nail body, nail root, nail bed, eponychium, cuticle, lunula

51
Q

What happens when the arrector pili of the skin contracts?

A

What causes the little hairs to stand up straight and produce a raised area of the skin called gooseflesh.

52
Q

What are the stages of hair growth?

A

I. During the growth stage it is formed by epithelial cells within the hair bulb. These cells in the skin divide and undergo keratinization. The hair grows stronger as the cells and are added to the base of the hair within the hair bulb. The hair root and shaft consists of columns of dead keratinized epithelial cells.
ii. During the resting stage the growth stocks and the hair is held in a follicle
Iii. When the next growth stage begins a new hair is formed and the old hair falls out

53
Q

What is the hair follicle?

A

Hair follicle is an extension of the epidermis into the dermis and it can play an important role in tissue repair.

54
Q

Why is the hair follicle important in the repair of skin?

A

If the epidermis is damaged. The epithelial cells can divide and serve as a new source of epithelial cells for skin.

55
Q

Define the root, shaft, and hair bulb of a hair.

A

The root over here is below the surface, The hairbulb is also below the surface where hair is produced and it rests on dermal papilla, the shaft protrudes through the skin above the surface of the dermis.

56
Q

How do melanin, blood, carotene and collagen affect skin color?

A

More melanin equals darker skin

Gene is a yellow pigment found in plants such as squash and carrots. It is lipid soluble and it accumulates the lipids of the stratum corneum and gives the skin a slight yellowish tint.

More keratin consumed equals more yellow skin.

Light can reflect off the dark pigment which is scattered by the collagen fibers of the dermis and produce a blue color.

57
Q

Describe the factors that determine the amount of melanin produced in the skin.

A

Genetic factors: many genes are responsible for skin color by a single mutation can prevent the manufacturers of melanin.
Exposure to light: stimulates melanocytes to increase melanin production, result is a suntan
Hormones: darker skin during pregnancy

58
Q

Name the cells that produce melanin. What happens to the melanin after it is produced? What is the function of melanin?

A

Melanocytes.
Once it is produced, the epithelial cells phagocytize the tips of the melanocyte cells processes and forms melanosomes.
Function: protection against ultraviolet light from the sun

59
Q

How is skin keratinized?

A

Cells are produced by mitosis, the new cells push old cells to top, while protecting the cells underneath. this causes cells to change shape and its chemical composition

60
Q

What kind of tissue is the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

61
Q

In which stratum of the epidermis are new cells formed? From which stratum are they still sloughed?

A

Stratum basale : Is the deepest stratum which consists of cuboidal or columnar cells that undergo mitotic division every 19 days, One daughter cell becomes a new stratum basale cell and can divide again while the other cell is pushed to the surface and this process takes about 40 to 56 days.

Stratum corneum: They are still sloughed in this layer and often forms callus and corn

62
Q

What type of tissue is the dermis?

A

Dense connective tissue.

63
Q

What is responsible for the dermis’ structural strength?

A

Collagen and elastic fibres

64
Q

How does the dermis supply the epidermis with blood?

A

The dermis papillae contains many blood vessels that supply the overlying epidermis with nutrients, remove waste products, and aid in regulating body temperature.

Anatomie et Physiologie (6 decks)

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