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Anatomie et Physiologie > Chapter 1: The Human Organism > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Human Organism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major organ systems?

A
  1. integumentary
  2. cardiovascular
  3. digestive
  4. urinary
  5. skeletal
  6. muscular
  7. lymphatic
  8. endocrine
  9. nervous
  10. female reproductive
  11. male reproductive
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2
Q

What are the essential characteristics?

A
  1. organisation
  2. metabolism
  3. growth
  4. responsiveness
  5. reproduction
  6. development
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3
Q

What is the integumentary system? Explain its functions.

A 
Consists of: skin, hair, nails and sweat glands 
Functions: 
1. regulate temperature 
2. produce vit. D precursors 
3. protection 
4. prevent water loss
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4
Q

What is the skeletal system? Explain its functions.

A 
Consists of: bone, cartilage, ligaments, joints
Functions: 
1. protection 
2. movement 
3. stores fats and minerals 
4. produce red blood cells
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5
Q

What is the muscular system? Explain its functions.

A 
Consists of: muscles attached to bones by tendons 
Functions: 
1. movement 
2. produce heat 
3. maintains posture
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6
Q

What is the lymphatic system? Explain its functions.

A 
Consists of: lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph organs 
Functions: 
1. removes foreign substances 
2. combats diseases 
3. maintains tissue fluid balance 
4. absorbs fats from GI
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7
Q

What is the respiratory system? Explain its functions.

A

Consists of : lungs and other respiratory organs
Functions:
1. gas exchange
2. regulation of blood pH

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8
Q

What is the digestive system? Explain its functions.

A

Consists of: mouth, oesophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus
Functions:
1. mechanical and chemical digestion of foods
2. elimination of waste products
3. absorption of nutrients

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9
Q

What is the nervous system? Explain its functions.

A

Consists of: nerves, sensory receptors, brain, spinal cord
Functions:
1. detects sensations
2. control movements

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10
Q

What is the endocrine system? Explain its functions.

A

Consists of: glands
Functions:
1. hormone productions
2. regulate growth, metabolism and reproduction

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11
Q

What is the cardiovascular system? Explain its functions.

A

Consists of: heart, blood vessels, blood
Functions:
1. Transports nutrients, wastes, gases, hormones
2. body temp regulation
3. immune system

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12
Q

What is the urinary system? Explain its functions.

A

Consists of: kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
Functions:
1. eliminate wastes
2. regulates blood pH, ion balance and water balance

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13
Q

What is the female reproductive system? Explain its functions.

A

Consists of: ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands
Functions:
1. produce oocytes
2. produce milk for fetus
3. site of fertilization, fetal development
44. produce hormone

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14
Q

What is the integumentary system? Explain its functions.

A 
Consists of: testes, penis, ducts 
Functions: 
1. produce sperm cells 
2. produce hormones 
3. transport of sperms from penis to vagina
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15
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When the deviation from the normal set point becomes lower and is maintained within the normal range.

The components of negative feedback mechanism:

  1. receptors: monitors the value of variable
  2. control center: establish a set point
  3. effector: change the value fo variable
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16
Q

Give an example of negative feedback mechanism.

A

Blood is moved from the heart to the tissues and all over the body. The blood supplies the tissues with oxygen and nutrients, while removing waste products. This regulates the blood pressure and keep it within the normal range.

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17
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

The deviation from the normal set point is made higher than the normal range, thus, the system is not maintained. Positive feedback mechanisms are often lethal and could put big risks on the body.

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18
Q

Give an example of positive feedback mechanism.

A

Contraction of muscles generates Blood Pressure which moves blood through vessels and to the tissues. Blood vessels on the wall of the heart supply blood to the cardiac muscles.

When there is blood loss, the BP decreases and there is an inadequate supply of blood to muscles. Thus, cardiac muscle homeostasis is interrupted and cardiac muscle does not function properly. The heart pumps less blood and the blood pressure drops. This drop in blood pressure means less pumping, and this process goes on till heart stops beating, and death results.

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19
Q

Define anatomy, surface anatomy, anatomical imaging and physiology.

A

Anatomy: the study fo the structures of the body

Surface anatomy: usage of superficial structures to locate deeper structures

Anatomical imaging: a noninvasive method for examining deep structures

Physiology: the study of the processes and functions of the body

20
Q

What does the term homeostasis mean? If a deviation from homeostasis occurs, what kind of mechanism restores homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis: the condition in which body functions, fluids and other factors of the internal environment are maintained within a range of values suitable to support life

Negative - feedback mechanism occurs to restore homeostasis.

21
Q

Describe a negative - feedback mechanism in terms of receptor, control center, and effector. Give an example of a negative-feedback mechanism.

A

Blood pressure homeostasis is a negative-feedback mechanism. The blood pressure is closely monitored by the receptors which are located in the heart. When BP increases, the receptor detects and send it to control center in the brain. The control center informs the heart to decrease in HR which decreases the BP. This change is known as an effector.

22
Q

Define positive - feedback mechanism. Why are positive-feedback mechanisms generally harmful?

A

Positive - feedback mechanism makes deviations from normal even greater.

They are generally harmful because these deviations could often lead to death, if not medically treated.

23
Q

Give an example of a harmful positive-feedback mechanism.

A

Harmful:
Fever can cause a positive feedback within homeostasis that pushes the body temp continually higher. If the temp reaches 45 degrees centigrade cellular proteins denature bringing metabolism to a stop and death.

OR

Chronic hypertension can favor the process of atherosclerosis which causes the openings of blood vessels to narrow. This, in turn, will intensify the hypertension bring on more damage to the walls of blood vessels

24
Q

Give an example of a beneficial positive-feedback mechanism.

A

Childbirth is an example. Pressure caused by the baby’s head on the mothers uterus causes an increase in the production of the hormone, oxytocin.
Oxytocin causes more intense uterine contractions which in turns causes more pressure on the wall of the uterus. This leads to the release of even more oxytocin. This feedback loops continues until the child is born.

25
Q

What is the anatomic position? Why is it important to remember the anatomic position when using directional terms?

A

Anatomic position:
A human standing erect with the face directed forward, upper limbs handing to the sides, and palms facing forward

Understanding terminology ensures doctors and technicians have a shared method of communicating, which helps to avoid confusion when pinpointing structures and describing locations of lesions.

26
Q

Define and give an example of the following directional terms:

  1. Anterior :
  2. Posterior :
  3. Inferior :
  4. Superior :
  5. Dorsal :
  6. Ventral :
  7. Proximal :
  8. Distal :
  9. Lateral :
  10. Medial :
  11. Superficial :
  12. Deep :
A
  1. Anterior : front
  2. Posterior : back
  3. Inferior : lower (caudal)
  4. Superior : higher (cephalic)
  5. Dorsal : posterior
  6. Ventral : anterior
  7. Proximal : nearest
  8. Distal : far
  9. Lateral : near sides
  10. Medial : near midline
  11. Superficial : surface
  12. Deep : deep
27
Q

List the subdivisions of the upper limbs.

A 
UPPER LIMB: 
Anterior: 
- axillary (armpit) 
- brachial (arm) 
- antecubital (front of elbow) 
- antebrachial (forearm) 
- carpal (wrist) 
- palmar (palm) 
- digital (fingers)

Posterior:

  • acromial (point of shoulder)
  • olecranon (point of elbow)
  • dorsum (back of hand)
28
Q

List the subdivisions of the lower limbs.

A 
LOWER LIMB: 
Anterior: 
- coxal (hip) 
- femoral (thigh) 
- patellar (kneecap) 
- crural (leg) 
- talus (ankle) 
- dorsum (top of foot) 
- digital (toes)

Posterior:

  • popliteal (hollow behind knee)
  • sural (calf)
  • plantar (sole)
  • calcaneal (heel)
29
Q

List the subdivisions of the trunk.

A 
TRUNK: 
Anterior: 
- pectoral (chest) 
- sternal (breastbone) 
- mammary (breast) 
- abdominal (abdomen) 
- umbilical (navel) 
- pelvic (pelvis) 
- inguinal (groin) 
- pubic (genital)

Posterior:

  • scapular (shoulder blade)
  • vertebral (spinal column)
  • lumbar (loin)
  • sacral (between hips)
  • gluteal (buttock)
  • perineal (perineum)
30
Q

Define sagittal planes.

A

Sagittal: divides body into left and right

31
Q

Define midsagittal planes.

A

Midsagittal: a sagittal plane that perfectly divides the body down the midline.

32
Q

Define transverse planes.

A

Transverse: divides the body into superior and inferior parts

33
Q

Define frontal planes.

A

Frontal: divides the body into anterior and posterior

34
Q

Define longitudinal planes.

A

Longitudinal: divides an organ along its long axis

35
Q

Define transverse planes.

A

Transverse: cuts an organ at a right angle to the long axis

36
Q

Define oblique planes.

A

Oblique: cuts across the long axis at an angle other than a right angle

37
Q

Define the following cavities: thoracic cavities.

A

Thoracic: bounded by ribs and diaphragm and divided by mediastinum, contains heart, thymus, trachea, eosophagus, 2 lungs on 2 sides

38
Q

Define the following cavities: abdominal cavities.

A

Abdominal: bounded by diaphragm and abdominal muscles,

contains stomach, intestine, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys

39
Q

Define the following cavities: abdominopelvic cavities.

A

Abdominopelvic: a cavity of the abdominal and pelvic cavity

40
Q

What is mediastinum?

A

Divides thoracic cavity.

It consists of the esophagus, trachea, blood vessels, thymus and heart.

41
Q

What is the difference between the visceral and parietal layers of a serous membrane?

A

Visceral: covers the internal organs

Parietal: lines the walls of the cavity

42
Q

What function do serous membranes perform?

A

Functions:

  1. secrete fluid that fills the space between parietal and visceral membranes
  2. protect organs from friction
43
Q

Name the serous membrane associated with the heart, lungs and abdominopelvic organs.

A

The serous membrane covering the heart and lining the mediastinum: pericardium

The serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity and surrounding the lungs: pleura

The serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity and the viscera: peritoneum.

44
Q

Define mesentery. What does the term retroperitoneal mean? Give an example of a retroperitoneal organ.

A

Mesenteries are a part of the peritoneum that hold the abdominal organs in place and provide a passageway for blood vessels and organs.

Retroperitoneal: covered by parietal peritoneum
eg. kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, parts of intestines, urinary bladder

45
Q

Describe the pericardial cavity.

A

The inner (visceral) layer of the serous pericardium lines the outer surface of the heart itself. Between the two layers of the serous pericardium is the pericardial cavity, which contains pericardial fluid. It is this fluid that provides lubrication between the two layers, and allows the heart to expand and contract.

46
Q

Describe the pleural cavity.

A

The pleural cavity is a fluid filled space that surrounds the lungs. It is found in the thorax, separating the lungs from its surrounding structures such as the thoracic cage and intercostal spaces, the mediastinum and the diaphragm. The pleural cavity is bounded by a double layered serous membrane called pleura.
The pleura includes two thin layers of tissue that protect and cushion the lungs. The inner layer (visceral pleura) wraps around the lungs and is stuck so tightly to the lungs that it cannot be peeled off. The outer layer (parietal pleura) lines the inside of the chest wall.

47
Q

Describe the abdominopelvic cavity.

A

The abdominopelvic cavity (inferior to diaphragm) contains various digestive and reproductive organs, and it can be divided into two sub-cavities: an upper (abdominal) portion and a lower (pelvic) portion:

  • The abdominal cavity (superior), which contains organs such as the liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, intestines, and kidneys
  • The pelvic cavity (inferior), which contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and the distal portions of the large intestine (sigmoid colon and rectum)

Anatomie et Physiologie (6 decks)

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