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Anatomie et Physiologie > Chapter 4: Tissues, Glands and Membranes > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tissues, Glands and Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

Where can the simple squamous epithelium be found?

A

lining of

  1. blood vessels
  2. lymphatic vessels
  3. heart
  4. respiratory passages in lungs
  5. serous membranes
  6. portion of kidney tubules
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2
Q

Where can the simple cuboidal epithelium be found?

A 
portions of kidney tubules 
bronchi 
choroid plexus in the brain 
glands and ducts 
surface of ovaries
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3
Q

Where can the simple columnar epithelium be found?

A

lining of

  1. stomach
  2. intestines
  3. glands
  4. ducts
  5. bronchioles of the lungs
  6. auditory tubes
  7. uterus
  8. uterine tubes
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4
Q

Where can the pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found?

A

lining of

  1. nasal cavity
  2. nasal sinuses
  3. auditory tubes
  4. parts of pharynx
  5. trachea
  6. bronchi
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5
Q

Where can the stratified squamous epithelium be found?

A

keratinized: skin
nonkeratinized: cornea, mouth, throat, larynx, oesophagus, inferior urethra, anus, vagina

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6
Q

Where can the transitional epithelium be found?

A

lining of

  1. urinary bladder,
  2. superior urethra
  3. ureters
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7
Q

What are the functions of simple squamous epithelium?

A

diffusion, filtration, protection against abrasion, secretion, absorption

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8
Q

What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A
  1. secretion and absorption by cells of kidney tubules
  2. secretion by glands and choroid plexus
  3. movement of particles in mucus of the terminal bronchioles
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9
Q

What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?

A
  1. secretion by stomach, intestines and glands
  2. absorption by intestine
  3. movement of cilia clears mucus from lungs
  4. movement of oocytes through uterine tube
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10
Q

What are the functions of pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium?

A
  1. synthesis and secretion of mucus onto free surface

2. movement of mucus over free surface from passages

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11
Q

What are the functions of stratified squamous epithelium?

A
  1. protection against abrasion
  2. barrier against infection
  3. prevents water loss
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12
Q

What are the functions of transitional epithelium?

A
  1. accommodates fluctuations in volume f fluid in organ or tube
  2. protection against caustic effects of urine
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13
Q

Where can the loose, areolar tissue be found?

A

All over the body,

  1. epithelial tissue rests on this tissue
  2. packing between glands, muscles and nerves
  3. attaches skin to tissues
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14
Q

Where can the adipose tissue be found?

A
  1. beneath skin
  2. around organs (heart, kidney, breasts)
  3. in loose connective tissue
  4. within bones
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15
Q

Where can the dense collagenous connective tissue be found?

A
  1. tendons
  2. nonelastic ligaments
  3. dermis of skin
  4. organ capsules
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16
Q

Where can the dense elastic connective tissue be found?

A
  1. elastic tissue in walls of arteries
  2. ligaments between vertebrae
  3. dorsal neck
  4. vocal folds
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17
Q

Where can the hyaline cartilage be found?

A
  1. costal cartilage of ribs
  2. cartilage rings of trachea
  3. nasal cartilage
  4. ends of bones
  5. growth plates of bones
  6. embryoic skeleton
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18
Q

Where can the fibrocartilage be found?

A
  1. intervertebral disks
  2. symphysis pubis
  3. articulating cartilage of joints
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19
Q

Where can the elastic cartilage be found?

A
  1. external ears
  2. epiglottis
  3. auditory tubes
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20
Q

Where is bone located?

A

all over the body

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21
Q

Where is blood located?

A
  1. within blood vessels, heart
  2. produced by red bone marrow
  3. WBCs leave vessel, to tissues
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22
Q

Where are the functions of adipose tissue?

A
  1. packing material
  2. thermal insulator
  3. energy storage
  4. protection of organs
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23
Q

Where are the functions of dense collagenous connective tissue?

A
  1. withstand puling forces

2. resists stretching

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24
Q

Where are the functions of dense elastic connective tissue?

A
  1. stretch and recoil with strength
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25
Q

Where are the functions of hyaline cartilage?

A
  1. support to structures
  2. flexibility
  3. forms smooth surfaces in joints
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26
Q

Where are the functions of fibrocartilage?

A
  1. flexible
  2. withstand pressure
  3. connects structures adjusted to pressure
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27
Q

Where are the functions of elastic cartilage ?

A
  1. rigitidy
  2. more flexibility
  3. recoil to original shape
28
Q

Where are the functions of bone?

A
  1. strength
  2. support
  3. protects organs
  4. attachment of muscles
  5. movement (joints)
29
Q

Where are the functions of blood?

A
  1. transport
  2. protects from diseases
  3. regulate temperature
30
Q

Where can skeletal muscle be found?

A

attached to bone

31
Q

Where can cardiac muscle be found?

A

cardiac muscles in heart

32
Q

Where can smooth muscle be found?

A
  1. walls of hollow organs, tubes (stomach, intestine, blood vessels)
  2. iris of eyes
33
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle ?

A

movement of body under voluntary control

34
Q

What are the functions of cardiac muscle?

A

pumps blood under involuntary control

35
Q

What are the functions of smooth muscle?

A
  1. regulates size of organs
  2. force fluid through tubes
  3. controls amount of light entering eye
  4. produce goosebumps
36
Q

Where is the nervous tissue located?

A

forms brain, spinal cord, nerves

37
Q

What are the functions of nervous membranes?

A
  1. transmit information in form of electrical charges across cell membranes
  2. neuroglia supports, protects and forms sheaths around axons
38
Q

Explain about mucous membranes and their functions.

A

Definition: Epithelium resting on a thick layer of loose connective tissue

Function: line cavities that open to outside of body (digestive, excretory, reproductive)

39
Q

Explain about serous membranes and their functions.

A

Definitions: A simple squamous epithelium resting on a layer of loose connective tissues

Functions:

  1. line the trunk cavities, covers organs
  2. secrete serous fluid (covers surface)
  3. Prevent damage from abrasion
40
Q

What is rhinitis?

A

Inflammation of mucous membranes of nasal passages due to a cold or allergy

41
Q

What are the other types of membranes?

A

cutaneous membrane (skin) : stratified squamous + dense connective tissue

Synovial membrane: line the inside of joint cavities and periosteum

42
Q

What are edema?

A

swelling of tissues when water enters tissues from blood

43
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

a phagocytic WBCs, fights infections

44
Q

What are mediators?

A

A chemical substance that are released in the injured tissues

Includes: histamines, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes

45
Q

What are chronic inflammation?

A

Interference of healing process

46
Q

Effects of mediators

A
  1. dilation of blood vessels = increases the speed of fighting infections, repairing injuries
  2. increases permeabilities of blood vessels = deal directly with injury
47
Q

Effects of edema

A

the fibrin protein forms a fibrous network as a wall which helps to prevent spread of infectious agents

48
Q

Effects of neutrophils

A
  1. fights infections by ingesting bacteria
  2. die after ingestion
  3. dead neutrophils + other cells + fluid = pus
49
Q

Effects of chronic inflammation

A
  1. stomach, small intestines = ulcers

2. lungs, liver, kidneys = death

50
Q

Define tissue and histology

A

A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function, as well as extracellular substances located between the cells.

51
Q

What are four characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

Characteristics:

  • Covers and lines body surfaces.
  • Cells are densely packed together with minimal amount of intercellular substance.
  • Cells are firmly attached by intercellular junctions.
  • Cells rest on a basement membrane partly derived from underlying connective tissue.
52
Q

What kinds of functions does a single layer of epithelium perform?

A

A single layer of epithelium perform the following functions: diffusion, filtration, movement of materials (diffusion of gases in alveoli of respiratory passages end, the alveoli consists of a simple squamous epithelium that allows oxygen from air to diffuse into body and CO2 to diffuse out)

53
Q

What kinds of functions does a stratified layer of epithelium perform?

A

A stratified layer of epithelium has a protective function, protects against abrasion, form a barrier to prevent microorganisms and toxic chemicals from entering body and water loss prevention. (keratinized stratified squamous epithelium in the outer layer of skin. it consists of dead stratified cells tightly bound to one another)

54
Q

What is the function of an epithelial free surface that is smooth, one that has microvilli, and one that has cilia?

A

Smooth surfaces: reduce friction
eg. lining of blood vessels is simple squamous epithelium with smooth surface and it reduce friction of blood flow

Microvilli: increase the surface area
eg. cells lining the small intestine

Cilia: propel materials along the surface of cells
eg. nasal cavity and trachea line with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

55
Q

Define tight junction and give a function.

A

Tight junctions: binding of adjacent cells together and forming permeability barriers

  • prevent of passage of materials between epithelial cells by surrounding the whole cell
    eg. lining of intestines and most other simple epithelia
56
Q

Define desmosomes and give a function.

A

Desmosomes: mechanical links that function to bind cells together
eg. epithelia in skin

57
Q

Define gap junctions and give a function.

A

Gap Junctions: small channels that allow small molecules and ions t pass from one epithelial cell to an adjacent one

58
Q

Define gland.

A

Gland: a multicellular structure that secretes substances onto a surface, either a cavity or into blood

59
Q

Distinguish between an exocrine and endocrine gland.

A

Exocrine gland: glands with ducts
- can be simple with ducts with no branches
- can be compound with ducts with several branches
- end of duct can be tubular and they can expand into an acinus or alveolus tubules
Secretions pass through ducts onto a surface or into an organ.

Endocrine gland: no ducts and empty their secretions into blood
- hormones are carried by blood to other parts of body

60
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A
  1. Enclosing and separating : sheets of CT forms capsules around organs, forms layers to separate the organs
  2. Connecting tissues to one another: eg. tendons attach muscles to bone and ligaments hold bones together
  3. Supporting and moving : bones support rigid support for body and semirigid cartilage supports structures (nose, ears, joints)
  4. Storing: adipose tissue: store high energy molecules. Bones: store minerals ( Ca,P)
  5. Cushioning and insulating: adipose tissue cushions and protects the tissues it surrounds and provides insulating layer beneath skin to conserve heat
  6. Transporting: blood transports substances
  7. Protecting: cells of immune system and blood provide protections, bones protect underlying structures from injury
61
Q

Define tissue repair.

A

Tissue repair is the substitution of viable cells from dead cells which occur by regeneration or replacement.

62
Q

What is the function of the inflammatory response? Name the five symptoms of inflammation and explain how each is produced.

A

The inflammatory response is a defense mechanism that evolved in higher organisms to protect them from infection and injury. Its purpose is to localize and eliminate the injurious agent and to remove damaged tissue components so that the body can begin to heal.

5 symptoms: 
Redness 
Heat 
Selling 
Pain 
Disturbance of function
63
Q

What is the difference between repair by regeneration and by replacement?

A

Regeneration: new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed and normal function is restored

Replacement: new type of tissue develops and cause scar production and loss of some tissue function

64
Q

Differentiate between labile cells, stable cells, and permanent cells.

A

Labile: continue to divide throughout life
Damage to these cells can be repaired by regeneration
Eg. cells of skin and mucous membranes

Stable: do not actively divide after growth ceases and retain ability to divide after an injury
Eg. connective tissue and glands, liver and pancreas

Permanent: little or not ability to divide
Eg. neurons and skeletal muscle cells

65
Q

Describe the effects of aging on cell division and the formation of extracellular Matrix.

A
  • Cells divide more slowly
  • Rate of red blood cell synthesis declines
  • Injuries in the young heal more rapidly and more completely (bc of rapid cell division)
  • changes in extracellular Matrix :
  • Collagen fibers become more irregular instructure
  • Connective tissues become less flexible in more fragile
  • Elastic fibers fragment, bind to calcium ion and become less elastic
  • reduced flexibility and elasticity of connective tissue = increase wrinkling of skin and increase fragility in Bones
  • walls of arteries become less elastic
  • Atherosclerosis results, forming quick, then reduced blood supply to tissues and increase blockage and rupture of artery

Anatomie et Physiologie (6 decks)

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