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BIOL 2040 > Chapter 5: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

integument

A

skin on the outside of body, epithelium and connective tissue

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2
Q

integumentary system

A

skin, hair, nails

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3
Q

functions of skin

A

protection, temperature regulation, sensory receptors, synthesis of vitamin D, excretion

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4
Q

structure of skinq

A

epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

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5
Q

how does skin provide protection

A

barrier to physical, chemical, and biological, works because the epithelium is made of hard proteins

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6
Q

how does skin help with temperature regulation

A

sweating, shunting blood to or away from skin, insulation

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7
Q

how does skin act as sensory receptors

A

touch, pain, cold, hot

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8
Q

how does the skin help with synthesis vitamin D

A

synthesizes a precursor molecule of vitamin production; absorbs calcium synthesis precursor molecule of vitamin D

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9
Q

how does skin help with excretion

A

removes waste products from the body (limited to urine, feces, and respiration), a small amount of urea can leave the body through sweat

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10
Q

what type of tissue is the epidermis made of

A

epithelium

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11
Q

what type of tissue is the dermis made of

A

conenctive

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12
Q

what type of tissue is hypodermis made of

A

adipose

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13
Q

epidermis

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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14
Q

types of cells in the epidermis

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans, merkel

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15
Q

keratinocytes

A

most abundant, makes keratin moves from internal to external

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16
Q

keratin

A

fibrous protein that repels water, hardens in the cell, not as dense as skin as it is in hair and nails

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17
Q

melanocytes

A

produces melanin, transferred to keratinocytes to protect the nucleus from UV rays, everyone has the same amount but they might produce different amounts of melanin

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18
Q

langerhans cells

A

macrophages that protect against toxins microbes and other disease agents

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19
Q

merkel cells

A

serve as a sensory receptor associated with nerve endings, used for sensing touch

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20
Q

epidermal layers

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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21
Q

stratum basale

A
  • next to the dermis and the basement membrane
  • one cell layer thick (cuboidal)
  • rapidly dividing keratinocytes
  • 10-25% melanocytes
22
Q

stratum spinosum

A
  • less cell division occurring
  • several cell layers are thick and keratinocytes contain keratin filaments
  • has some desmosomes
23
Q

stratum granulosum

A
  • 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes
  • cells have granules are a component of keratin
  • lamellated granules secrete glycolipids
  • most organelles degenerate
24
Q

stratum lucidum

A
  • found only in thick skin
  • consists of a few rows of dead, flat cells
  • microscopically appears as a clear area
    keratohyalin granules and keratin filaments are combines to form keratin fibrils
25
Q

stratum corneum

A
  • topmost layer, 20-30 cell layers thick or more
  • cells are dead, flat, and full of keratin fibrils
  • organelles have disintegrated including desmosomes, so cells come apart from one another
  • cells are “cornified” and slough off
26
Q

what is the dermis made of

A

connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, smooth muscle, and nerve fibers

27
Q

what are the layer of the dermis

A

papillary and reticular

28
Q

papillary layer

A
29
Q

reticular layer

A
  • thick, dense, irregular connective tissue
  • part of the animal that becomes leather
30
Q

hypodermis

A

the layer that connects skin to the underlying tissues
contains subcutaneous fat (50% of total body fat)

31
Q

types of hair

A

vellus and terminal

32
Q

vellus

A

general body hairs, found in children and women; short, pale, and fine

33
Q

terminal hair

A

found in males and females on the head and eyebrows, coarser often long, and colored, at puberty, it grows in the pubic region and axillary regions of both sexes replacing vellus hairs, grows on face, chest, arms, and legs

34
Q

hair follicle

A

inside the dermis

35
Q

hair follicle structures

A

dermal papilla, hair matrix, arrector pili, sebaceous gland, nerve endings

36
Q

dermal papilla

A

part of the hair follicle brings blood supply, inside the bottom of the hair follicle, provides nutrients to actively dividing hair

37
Q

hair matrix

A

located above the papilla, area of active dividing cells that make hair grow, cells made by this are pushed up by new growth below, cells get keratinized and die full of hard keratin

38
Q

arrector pili

A

the small smooth muscle that makes hair stand on end, attached to the follicle and stratum papillae near the epidermis

39
Q

sebaceuous gland

A

empties onto the hair follicle, produces sebum (oil)

40
Q

nerve endings

A

found wrapped around the hair follicle, sensitive to the touch

41
Q

stages of hair growth

A

anagen, catagen, telogen

42
Q

anagen hair growth

A

growing phase (6-8 years)
stem cells multiply and follicle grows deeper into the dermis

43
Q

catagen hair growth

A

degenerative phase, (2-3 weeks), hair breaks down, stops growing, forms club hair

44
Q

telogen hair growth

A

resting phase (1-3 months), club hair falls out

45
Q

nails

A

contain hard keratin
cells stick together

46
Q

types of sweat glad secretions

A

eccrine and apocrine

47
Q

eccrine glands

A

have merocrine secretion, smaller and more widespread. empties directly onto the skin surface, very important in thermoregulation, active at birth

48
Q

apocrine glands

A

type of sweat gland, use merocrine secretion, secretes proteins and lipids, milky, empties onto the hair follicle, found in the axillae, areola, and anogenital regions, results in BO, active at puberty

49
Q

sebaceous glands

A

uses holocrine secretion, secretes sebum onto the hair follicles, found every where expect for soles and palms of hands, do not function until puberty

50
Q

sebaceous gland functions

A

waterproofing, protection, and softening skin

51
Q

ceruminous glands

A

secrete ear wax to protect ear drum

52
Q

mammary glands

A

apocrine gland develops during pregnancy and lactation

BIOL 2040 (5 decks)

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