Chapter 3: Histology Flashcards
1
Q
histology
A
the study of tissues
2
Q
tissues
A
collection of cells, many tissues make up organs
3
Q
Categories of histology
A
- epithelial
- connective
- nervous
- muscular
4
Q
epithelial
A
linings that make glands
5
Q
connective tissues
A
provide support and connect different tissues
6
Q
nervous tissues
A
excitable cells that conduct impulses
7
Q
muscular tissues
A
excitable cells that are apecialized for contraction, and react to signals
8
Q
epithelial tissue characteristics
A
cellular, intercellular connections, polar, avascular, basement membrane, regeneration
9
Q
cellular characteristic
A
has lots of cells with minimal amounts of extracellular matrix
10
Q
polar characteristic
A
always a bottom surface connected to other tisse and the top surface is free, allows for specializations
11
Q
avascular characteristics
A
no blood supply of its own, does produce waste and requires nutrients
12
Q
basement membrane characteristic
A
connection between epithelia and underlying tissue
13
Q
regeneration characteristic
A
able to produce new cells throughout their life
14
Q
desmosomes
A
connections that link cells together
15
Q
microvilli
A
extensions that increase surface area
16
Q
simple cells
A
single layer
17
Q
pseudostratified
A
looks like multiple layers but it is only one
18
Q
stratified
A
multiple layers of cells
19
Q
squamous shape
A
flat
20
Q
cuboidal shape
A
cube like
21
Q
columnar shape
A
tall columns
22
Q
simple squamous epithelium
A
single layer of flat cells, lungs kidneys, the inner lining of hollow organs of the circulatory system
23
Q
simple cuboidal epithelium
A
involved in absorbtion and or secretion, some glands and ducts have it, kidney tubules
24
Q
simple columnar epithellium
A
involved in absorption and or secretion, found in the digestive tract
25
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
cells vary in height but all contact the basement membrane, nuclei end up at different levels giving the impression of multiple cell layers, respiratory tract lining
26
stratified squamous epithelium
protects, outer layer of skin and lining or orifices
27
stratified cuboidal epithelium
secrete substances, sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles, seminiferous tubules
28
transitional epithelium
special type of stratified squamous, highly stretchable, found in the urinary tract
29
all glands are derived
embryonically from epithelium
30
glandular tissue
synthesis, storage, and secretion of chemical products, two types: endocrine and exocrine
31
endocrine glands
no ducts, secretes chemical products that are released via diffusion, make hormones
32
exocrine glands
have ducts, secrete their products onto body surfaces( external) or lumen of another organ (internal)
33
eccrine secretion
version of exocytosis
34
apocrine secretion
releases vesicles
35
holocrine secretion
whole cell degenerates on release
36
connective tissue characteristics
diverse, embryonically derived from mesenchyme, vascular,
a lot of extracellular matrix
37
functions of connective tissues
binding of organs, support, protection, movement, storage, heat protection, transport
38
tendons
bind muscle to bone
39
ligaments
bind bone to bone
40
connective tissue physical protection example
cranium and ribs protect organs like brain and lungs
41
connective tissue immune protection example
attacks foreign invaders
42
connection tissue movement example
bones allow body to move, cartilage helps vocal cords move
43
connective tissue storage example
bones store calcium and phosphorus
44
connective tissue heat protection example
metabolism in infants and children
45
connective tissue transport example
blood transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and blood cells
46
components of connective tissue
extracellular matrix
cells
fibers
47
types of extracellular matrix
liquid, gelatinous, rubbery, hard
48
types of fibers
collagen, reticular, elastic
49
collagen
most abundant fibrous protein in the body, made by cells in connective tissue, secreted into the extracellular matrix, very strong and inflexible
50
reticular fiber
type of collagen, delicate networks, trap bacteria, found in spleen
51
elastic fibers
fibrous protein, can be stretched, rubbery, skin lungs, blood vessels
52
connective tissue cells suffixes
-blast --> makes
-cyte --> maintains
-clast --> breaks down
53
hemocytoblast
precursor to all blood cell types
54
fibroblast/ fibrocyte
fibrous connective tissue
55
chondroblast/ -cyte/ -clast
cartilage cells
56
osteoblast/ -clast/ -cyte
bone cells
57
adipocytes
store lipids, fat cells
58
mobile cells
defensive
59
mast cells
secrete chemicals that affect blood movement, histamines, increase blood flow
60
fibrous connective tissue types
loose and dense
61
loose fibrous connective tissue types
areolar and reticular
62
dense fibrous connective tissue types
regular and irregular
63
areolar tissue
loose fibrous connective tissue
made of all three types of fibers
abundant ground substance
numerous blood vessels
fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and adipocytes
64
areolar tissue location
surrounding blood vessels, nerves, esophagus, trachea
65
areolar tissue function
binds epithelium to deeper tissues
allows passage of nerves and blood vessels through other tissues
arena for immune defense
66
reticular tissue
loose fibrous connective tissue
delicate
loose network of reticular fibers
67
reticular tissue location
found in spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
68
functions of reticular tissue
catch bacteria, holds loose blood cells, supportive stroma for lymphatic organs
69
regular dense connective tissue
all fibers are oriented in the same way
often wavy collagen fibers
slender fibroblast nuclei
compressed between collagen bundles
70
regular dense connective tissue examples
tendons and ligaments
71
functions of regular dense connective tissue
ligaments tightly bind bones together and resist stress
tendons attach muscle to bone
72
dense irregular connective tissue
collagen fibers are think and run in all directions/ interwoven
73
location of dense irregular connective tissue
large part of the dermis, protects organs like kidneys, testes, spleen, and creates a tough sheath around bones and nerves
74
functions of dense irregular connective tissue
durable, space filler, protective capsule around organs
75
cartilage
stiff tissue with rubbery matrix
avascular
shapes and supports
76
types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
77
hyaline cartilage
abundant, found in skeletal joints, made by chondroblasts, forms fetal skeleton
78
hyaline cartilage functions
forms perichondrium over the end of bones and moveable joints, supportive rings and plates around trachea and bronchi
79
lacune
a cavity made by chondroblasts
80
elastic connective tissues
maade of elastic fibers, provides flexible support
81
elastic connective tissue locations
pinna (ear lobes), epiglottis (beneath tounge and back fo throat)
82
fibrocartilage connective tissues
not many cells, parallel collgsn fibers
83
fibrocartilage connective tissue functions and location
resists compression, absorbs shock, pubic symphysis, found inbetween vertebral discs
84
bone
type of connective tissue
hard calcified tissue
has collagen fibers
vascularized
85
bone functions
connect, support, and protect soft tissues
86
bone cells
osteoblasts, osteoclast, osteocytes
87
blood
typical connective tissue, fluid, loosely scattered cells in the matrix
88
erythrocytes
red blood cells, transport oxygen
89
leukocytes
white blood cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes
90
platelets
help with blood clotting
91
nervous tissue cells
neurons and neuroglia
92
neurons
excitable
conduct nerve impulses, basis of communication with body
93
neuroglia
most of nervous tissue
protects and support neurons
do not transmit signals
94
muscular tissue
highly cellular, vascular, require metabolic activity, goof nervous supply, specialized for contraction
95
types of muscle tissue
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
96
skeletal muscle tissue
long threadlike, unbranched cells, contain striations, multinucleated, attached to skeletal system
97
skeletal muscle tissue functions
provides body movements. posture, breathing, speech, control of urination, defecation, and child birth, voluntary control
98
cardiac muscle tissue
short, branched cells, striated, only one nucleus , intercalculated disks, only in heart, involuntary control
99
smooth muscle tissue
short fusiform cells, no striations, one nuclues, found as sheets in walls of viscera and blood vessels; hair follicles; sphincter; involuntary control
100
epithelial membranes
simplest form of an organ, sheet of epithelium connected to underlying tissue
101
types of epithelium membranes
cutaneous, mucus, serous
102
mucus membrane
lines cavities open to the outside of the body, typically wet or moist with mucus, epithelial tissue on top of loose connective layer
103
mucus membrane locations
digestive tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract
104
serous membranes
wet. slick membrane lining part of ventral cavity, made of simple squamous epithelium
105
types of serous membranes
parietal and visceral
106
parietal serous membrane
lines walls of cavities
107
visceral serous membranes
lines organs in cavities
