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BIOL 2040 > Chapter 3: Histology > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

histology

A

the study of tissues

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2
Q

tissues

A

collection of cells, many tissues make up organs

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3
Q

Categories of histology

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. nervous
  4. muscular
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4
Q

epithelial

A

linings that make glands

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5
Q

connective tissues

A

provide support and connect different tissues

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6
Q

nervous tissues

A

excitable cells that conduct impulses

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7
Q

muscular tissues

A

excitable cells that are apecialized for contraction, and react to signals

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8
Q

epithelial tissue characteristics

A

cellular, intercellular connections, polar, avascular, basement membrane, regeneration

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9
Q

cellular characteristic

A

has lots of cells with minimal amounts of extracellular matrix

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10
Q

polar characteristic

A

always a bottom surface connected to other tisse and the top surface is free, allows for specializations

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11
Q

avascular characteristics

A

no blood supply of its own, does produce waste and requires nutrients

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12
Q

basement membrane characteristic

A

connection between epithelia and underlying tissue

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13
Q

regeneration characteristic

A

able to produce new cells throughout their life

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14
Q

desmosomes

A

connections that link cells together

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15
Q

microvilli

A

extensions that increase surface area

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16
Q

simple cells

A

single layer

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17
Q

pseudostratified

A

looks like multiple layers but it is only one

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18
Q

stratified

A

multiple layers of cells

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19
Q

squamous shape

A

flat

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20
Q

cuboidal shape

A

cube like

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21
Q

columnar shape

A

tall columns

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22
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer of flat cells, lungs kidneys, the inner lining of hollow organs of the circulatory system

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23
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

involved in absorbtion and or secretion, some glands and ducts have it, kidney tubules

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24
Q

simple columnar epithellium

A

involved in absorption and or secretion, found in the digestive tract

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25
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

cells vary in height but all contact the basement membrane, nuclei end up at different levels giving the impression of multiple cell layers, respiratory tract lining

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26
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

protects, outer layer of skin and lining or orifices

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27
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

secrete substances, sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles, seminiferous tubules

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28
Q

transitional epithelium

A

special type of stratified squamous, highly stretchable, found in the urinary tract

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29
Q

all glands are derived

A

embryonically from epithelium

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30
Q

glandular tissue

A

synthesis, storage, and secretion of chemical products, two types: endocrine and exocrine

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31
Q

endocrine glands

A

no ducts, secretes chemical products that are released via diffusion, make hormones

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32
Q

exocrine glands

A

have ducts, secrete their products onto body surfaces( external) or lumen of another organ (internal)

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33
Q

eccrine secretion

A

version of exocytosis

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34
Q

apocrine secretion

A

releases vesicles

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35
Q

holocrine secretion

A

whole cell degenerates on release

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36
Q

connective tissue characteristics

A

diverse, embryonically derived from mesenchyme, vascular,
a lot of extracellular matrix

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37
Q

functions of connective tissues

A

binding of organs, support, protection, movement, storage, heat protection, transport

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38
Q

tendons

A

bind muscle to bone

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39
Q

ligaments

A

bind bone to bone

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40
Q

connective tissue physical protection example

A

cranium and ribs protect organs like brain and lungs

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41
Q

connective tissue immune protection example

A

attacks foreign invaders

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42
Q

connection tissue movement example

A

bones allow body to move, cartilage helps vocal cords move

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43
Q

connective tissue storage example

A

bones store calcium and phosphorus

44
Q

connective tissue heat protection example

A

metabolism in infants and children

45
Q

connective tissue transport example

A

blood transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and blood cells

46
Q

components of connective tissue

A

extracellular matrix
cells
fibers

47
Q

types of extracellular matrix

A

liquid, gelatinous, rubbery, hard

48
Q

types of fibers

A

collagen, reticular, elastic

49
Q

collagen

A

most abundant fibrous protein in the body, made by cells in connective tissue, secreted into the extracellular matrix, very strong and inflexible

50
Q

reticular fiber

A

type of collagen, delicate networks, trap bacteria, found in spleen

51
Q

elastic fibers

A

fibrous protein, can be stretched, rubbery, skin lungs, blood vessels

52
Q

connective tissue cells suffixes

A

-blast –> makes
-cyte –> maintains
-clast –> breaks down

53
Q

hemocytoblast

A

precursor to all blood cell types

54
Q

fibroblast/ fibrocyte

A

fibrous connective tissue

55
Q

chondroblast/ -cyte/ -clast

A

cartilage cells

56
Q

osteoblast/ -clast/ -cyte

A

bone cells

57
Q

adipocytes

A

store lipids, fat cells

58
Q

mobile cells

A

defensive

59
Q

mast cells

A

secrete chemicals that affect blood movement, histamines, increase blood flow

60
Q

fibrous connective tissue types

A

loose and dense

61
Q

loose fibrous connective tissue types

A

areolar and reticular

62
Q

dense fibrous connective tissue types

A

regular and irregular

63
Q

areolar tissue

A

loose fibrous connective tissue
made of all three types of fibers
abundant ground substance
numerous blood vessels
fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and adipocytes

64
Q

areolar tissue location

A

surrounding blood vessels, nerves, esophagus, trachea

65
Q

areolar tissue function

A

binds epithelium to deeper tissues
allows passage of nerves and blood vessels through other tissues
arena for immune defense

66
Q

reticular tissue

A

loose fibrous connective tissue
delicate
loose network of reticular fibers

67
Q

reticular tissue location

A

found in spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

68
Q

functions of reticular tissue

A

catch bacteria, holds loose blood cells, supportive stroma for lymphatic organs

69
Q

regular dense connective tissue

A

all fibers are oriented in the same way
often wavy collagen fibers
slender fibroblast nuclei
compressed between collagen bundles

70
Q

regular dense connective tissue examples

A

tendons and ligaments

71
Q

functions of regular dense connective tissue

A

ligaments tightly bind bones together and resist stress
tendons attach muscle to bone

72
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

collagen fibers are think and run in all directions/ interwoven

73
Q

location of dense irregular connective tissue

A

large part of the dermis, protects organs like kidneys, testes, spleen, and creates a tough sheath around bones and nerves

74
Q

functions of dense irregular connective tissue

A

durable, space filler, protective capsule around organs

75
Q

cartilage

A

stiff tissue with rubbery matrix
avascular
shapes and supports

76
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

77
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

abundant, found in skeletal joints, made by chondroblasts, forms fetal skeleton

78
Q

hyaline cartilage functions

A

forms perichondrium over the end of bones and moveable joints, supportive rings and plates around trachea and bronchi

79
Q

lacune

A

a cavity made by chondroblasts

80
Q

elastic connective tissues

A

maade of elastic fibers, provides flexible support

81
Q

elastic connective tissue locations

A

pinna (ear lobes), epiglottis (beneath tounge and back fo throat)

82
Q

fibrocartilage connective tissues

A

not many cells, parallel collgsn fibers

83
Q

fibrocartilage connective tissue functions and location

A

resists compression, absorbs shock, pubic symphysis, found inbetween vertebral discs

84
Q

bone

A

type of connective tissue
hard calcified tissue
has collagen fibers
vascularized

85
Q

bone functions

A

connect, support, and protect soft tissues

86
Q

bone cells

A

osteoblasts, osteoclast, osteocytes

87
Q

blood

A

typical connective tissue, fluid, loosely scattered cells in the matrix

88
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells, transport oxygen

89
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes

90
Q

platelets

A

help with blood clotting

91
Q

nervous tissue cells

A

neurons and neuroglia

92
Q

neurons

A

excitable
conduct nerve impulses, basis of communication with body

93
Q

neuroglia

A

most of nervous tissue
protects and support neurons
do not transmit signals

94
Q

muscular tissue

A

highly cellular, vascular, require metabolic activity, goof nervous supply, specialized for contraction

95
Q

types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

96
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

long threadlike, unbranched cells, contain striations, multinucleated, attached to skeletal system

97
Q

skeletal muscle tissue functions

A

provides body movements. posture, breathing, speech, control of urination, defecation, and child birth, voluntary control

98
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

short, branched cells, striated, only one nucleus , intercalculated disks, only in heart, involuntary control

99
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

short fusiform cells, no striations, one nuclues, found as sheets in walls of viscera and blood vessels; hair follicles; sphincter; involuntary control

100
Q

epithelial membranes

A

simplest form of an organ, sheet of epithelium connected to underlying tissue

101
Q

types of epithelium membranes

A

cutaneous, mucus, serous

102
Q

mucus membrane

A

lines cavities open to the outside of the body, typically wet or moist with mucus, epithelial tissue on top of loose connective layer

103
Q

mucus membrane locations

A

digestive tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract

104
Q

serous membranes

A

wet. slick membrane lining part of ventral cavity, made of simple squamous epithelium

105
Q

types of serous membranes

A

parietal and visceral

106
Q

parietal serous membrane

A

lines walls of cavities

107
Q

visceral serous membranes

A

lines organs in cavities

BIOL 2040 (5 decks)

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