Chapter 5 - Human Movement System Flashcards
Superior
Positioned above a point of reference.
Biomechanics
The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.
Inferior
Positioned below a point of reference
Proximal
Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference
Distal
Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference.
Anterior (or ventral)
On the front of the body.
Posterior (or distal)
On the back of the body.
Medial
Positioned near the middle of the body.
Lateral
Positioned toward the outside of the body.
Contralateral
Positioned on the opposite side of the body.
Ipsilateral
Positioned on the same side of the body.
Anatomic position
The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward. The anatomic position is of importance in anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature. Anatomic terms such as anterior and poster, medial and lateral, and abduction and adduction apply to the body when it is in the anatomic position.
Sagittal plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.
Forward and backwards movements
flexion and extension
biceps curls, front lunges
Flexion
A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.
Extension
A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.
Frontal plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves.
side to side movements
abduction and adduction to the limbs
side lunges
Abduction
A movement in the frontal plan away from the midline of the body.
Adduction
Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body.
Transverse plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.
rotational and diagonal movements
rotations
Internal rotation
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.
External rotation
Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body.
Eccentric muscle action
An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.
Isotonic
Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion
Eccentric
Moving in the same direction as the resistance
Decelerates or reduces force
Concentric
Moving in opposite direction of force
Accelerates or produces force
Isometric
No visible movement with or against resistance
Dynamically stabilizes force
Isokinetic
The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted
Requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories
Concentric muscle action
When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle.
Isometric muscle action
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length.
Isokinetic muscle action
When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion.
Force
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.
