Chapter 5: Human Movement Science Flashcards
biomechanics
the science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces
superior (or cranial)
positioned above a point of reference
inferior (or caudal)
positioned below a point of reference
proximal
positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference
distal
positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference
anterior (or ventral)
on the front of the body
posterior (or dorsal)
on the back of the body
medial
positioned near the middle of the body
lateral
positioned toward the outside of the body
contralateral
positioned on the opposite side of the body
ipsilateral
positioned on the same side of the body
anatomic position
the position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward. the anatomic position is of importance in anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature. anatomic terms such as anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, and abduction and adduction apply to the body when it is in the anatomic position.
sagittal plane
an imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves
flexion
a bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases
extension
a straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases
hyperextension
extension of a joint beyond its normal limit or range of motion
frontal plane
an imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves
abduction
- a movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
- an increase in the angle between two adjoining segments
adduction
- movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body
- a decrease in the angle between two adjoining segments
transverse plane
an imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves
internal rotation
rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body
external rotation
rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body
horizontal abduction
movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position
horizontal adduction
movement of the arm of tight in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position
scapular retraction
adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline
scapular protraction
abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline
scapular depression
downward (inferior) motion of the scapula
scapular elevation
upward (superior) motion of the scapula
eccentric muscle action
-an eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening
concentric muscle action
when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle and visible joint movement
isometric muscle action
when a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being place on it leading to no visible change in muscle length
isokinetic muscle action
when a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion
force
an influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object
length-tension relationship
the resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length
force-couple
muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint
rotary motion
movement of the bones around the joints
torque
a force that produces rotation. common unit of torque is the newton-meter or Nm.
motor behavior
motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli
motor control
- how the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response
- the study of posture and movements with the involved structures and mechanisms used by the CNS to assimilate and integrate sensory information with previous experiences
- concerned with what CNS structures are involved with motor behavior to produce movement
motor learning
- integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements
- the utilization of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in one’s capacity to produce skilled movements
motor development
the change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan
muscle synergies
groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement
proprioception
the cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements
sensorimotor integration
the cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement
feedback
- the use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning
- the utilization of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to aid the HMS in the development of permanent neural representations of motor patterns
internal feedback
-the process whereby sensory information is used by the body via length-tension relationships (posture) to reactively monitor movement and the environment (aka sensory feedback)
external feedback
information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment
human movement efficiency cycle
> internal environment > external environment > summation of all information > central nervous system > movement >
the femur is ___ to the tibia
superior
the pectoralis major is ___ to the rectus abdominis
superior
the calcaneus is ___ to the patella
inferior
the soleus is ___ to the hamstring complex
inferior
which is more proximal to the hip: the knee or the ankle?
the knee
which is more proximal to the lumbar spine: the sacrum or the sternum?
the sacrum
which is more distal to the hip: the ankle or the knee?
the ankle
which is more distal to the lumbar spine: the sacrum or the sternum?
the sternum
the quadriceps are located on the ___ aspect of the thigh
anterior
the hamstring complex is located on the ___ aspect of the thigh
posterior
the adductors are on the ___ side of the thigh
medial
which is more medial: the sternum or the shoulder?
the sternum
the ears are on the ___ side of the head
lateral
the right foot is ___ to the left hand
contralateral
the right foot is ___ to the right hand
ipsilateral
true or false: no motion occurs strictly in one plane of motion
TRUE
joint motion
movement in a plane occurs on an axis running perpendicular that plane
sagittal plane axis
coronal
sagittal plane motions
- flexion / extension
sagittal plane exercise examples
- biceps curl
- triceps pushdown
- squat
- front lunge
- calf raise
- walking
- running
- vertical jumping
- climbing
- shooting a basketball