Chapter 5: Helminthes: Trematodes and Nematodes Flashcards
1
Q
General characters of Trematodes ________ dorsoventrally
A
flattened
2
Q
Trematodes are _______ symmetrical
A
bilaterally
3
Q
are trematodes segmented or unsegmented
A
unsegmented
4
Q
do trematodes have a body cavity
A
no body cavity
5
Q
trematodes have 3 organs of fixation in form of suckers where and when are they present
A
- Oral sucker: surrounding the mouth.
- Ventral sucker: on the ventral surface posterior
to the oral sucker. - Genital sucker: sometimes present.
6
Q
what systems are present in trematodes
A
Has digestive, excretory, and genital systems.
7
Q
what are the 4 types of trematodes
A
Hepatic Flukes
Intestinal flukes:
Blood Flukes:
Lung fluke
8
Q
other name for trematodes
A
flukes
9
Q
examples of Hepatic flukes
A
-Fasciola gigantica.
- Fasciola hepatica.
10
Q
example of intestinal flukes
A
Heterophyes heterophyes
11
Q
examples of blood flukes
A
- Schistosoma haematobium.
- Schistosoma mansoni.
12
Q
example of lung fluke
A
Paragonimus
13
Q
Fasciola gigantica disease
A
Fascioliasis, liver rot.
14
Q
Heterophyes heterophyes disease
A
Heterophyiasis.
15
Q
Schistosoma has 3 types
A
schistsoma mansoni,haematobium and
japonicum
16
Q
Schistosoma mansoni disease and another name for it
A
Intestinal schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis)
17
Q
Schistosoma haematobium disease
A
urinary
schistosomiasis
18
Q
Schistosoma
japonicum disease
A
intestinal
schistosomiasis
19
Q
how is the adult form of Fasciola gigantica and how long is it
A
The adult is a large fleshy worm 6x1.5 cm.
20
Q
Morphology of Fasciola gigantica
A
Leaf like with anterior cone and lateral parallel borders.
21
Q
where do the adult worms of Fasciola gigantica live
A
The adult worms live in the bile ducts of herbivorous animals & man.
22
Q
Final host of Fasciola gigantica
A
herbivorous animals and
human.
23
Q
Intermediate host of Fasciola gigantica
A
Lymnaea caillaudi snail
24
Q
Infective stage of Fasciola gigantica
A
encysted metacercaria
25
mode of infection of Fasciola gigantica
ingestion of
encysted metacercaria in aquatic
vegetables (usually leafy plants e.g. lettuce)
or in water
26
6 Clinical findings of Fasciola gigantica
1. Fever. (Byproducts)
2. Enlarged tender (Pain) liver.
3. Biliary colic. (If adult obstruct bile duct completely)
4. Jaundice.
5. Heavy infections cause serious liver damage (liver rot) due to pressure, toxic metabolic products and feeding habits of the worms.
6. Digestive disturbances and diarrhea.
27
Lab Diagnosis of Fasciola gigantica
Detection of eggs in feces or duodenal aspirate. endoscope
28
Treatment of Fasciola gigantica
Antiparasitic drugs e.g. Bithionol.
29
4 ways for prevention of Fasciola gigantica
1. Mass treatment of infected patients.
2. Snail control.
3. Proper washing or cooking of water plants before eating.
4. Proper cooking of the liver before eating to avoid Halzoun.
30
what is halzoun? where does the worm stick and what does it cause? (5 causes)
Eating raw liver of sheep or goats containing living fasciola, the worm may get fixed to the pharyngeal mucus membrane, causing pharyngitis, oedema, dysphagia, dyspnea or even suffocation.
31
what is the treatment for halzouin
1. Gargling with alcoholic material.
2. Tracheostomy in case of laryngeal obstruction.
32
morphology of Fasciola hepatica what is its size?
Smaller in size (3 x 1.3 cm)
33
Fasciola hepatica intermediate host
Lymnaea trancatula snail
34
Heterophyes heterophyes size:
Very small intestinal flukes 1.5x.05 mm.
35
morphology of heterophyes heterophyes (shape)
Pear shaped or may take different shapes.
36
Heterophyes heterophyes has which sucker
Genital sucker
37
Heterophyes heterophyes final host
Man- & fish-eating animals.
38
what is the 2 intermediate hosts of Heterophyes heterophyes
1. Pirenella conica snail.
2. Bolty & boury fishes.
39
what is the infective stage of Heterophyes heterophyes
Encysted metacercaria.
40
what is the mode of infection of Heterophyes heterophyes
eating raw, undercooked, or freshly salted fish containing encysted metacercaria
41
what are the symptoms or clinical findings of Heterophyes heterophyes
Colicky pain and diarrhea.
Egg emboli
42
what is the egg emboli of H.heterophyes their ways of circulation
Eggs may find their way through the genital sucker into the circulation where they are carried to ectopic sites e.g. heart or brain.
43
what is the lab diagnosis of Heterophyes heterophyes
Detection of the eggs in feces
44
what is the treatment of Heterophyes heterophyes
Antiparasitic drugs, Praziquantel.
45
what are the 5 ways of prevention of heterophyes heterophyes
1. Proper salting of fishes.
2. Proper cooking of fishes.
3. Mass treatment of infected fisherman.
4. Snail control.
5. Health education of fishermen (proper cooking of fishes and no defecation in water)
46
eggs of schistosoma mansoni where are they and how do they pass?
*eggs have with lateral spine.
*Eggs pass in stool
47
eggs of schistosoma haematobium where are they and how do they pass?
*Eggs have terminal spine.
*eggs pass in urine
48
eggs of schistosoma japonicum where are they and how do they pass?
Eggs are with
lateral knob.
Eggs pass
in stool.
49
Schistosoma mansoni adult males and females live in
in the inferior mesenteric venules of bowel & rectum.
50
Schistosoma haematobium adult males and females live in
in venous plexus of the
bladder, ureter & kidneys.
51
Schistosoma japonicum adult males and females live in
in the
superior
mesenteric
venules of
bowel & rectum.
52
Schistosoma japonicum parasite is found in
far east
53
schistosoma has an intermediate host?
snail
54
what is the infective stage of schistosoma
cercaria
55
schistosoma differs from other trematodes in 3 ways
It differs from other trematodes in:
1. Separate sexes.
2. Eggs with spine.
3. Cercaria is the infective stage.
56
what is the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni
Snail
(Biomphalaria Alexandrina)
57
what is the intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium
Snail
(Bulinus trancatus)
58
what is the mode of infection of schistosoma and how is it attracted to humans?
Penetration of the cercaria
(Which is attracted to man by the
body temperature)
to skin when water begins to dry.
59
what is the 3 clinical findings of Schistosoma mansoni
Dysentery
with blood
& mucus in stools.
Abdominal
pain.
Frequent stools
60
what is the 3 clinical findings of Schistosoma haematobium
Terminal hematuria
Frequency of micturition.
Burning pain.
61
what is the 3 clinical findings of Schistosoma japonicum
Dysentery
with blood
& mucus in stools.
Abdominal
pain.
Frequent stools.
62
what is the treatment of schistosoma
Praziquantel
63
what are the 3 prevention methods for schistosoma
1. Health education: no defecation or urination in water canals, no bathing or washing in water canals.
2. Treatment of the patients
3. Control of snails.
64
what is the lab diagnosis of schistosoma mansoni? and where?
Detection of eggs in stools or urine. S. mansoni eggs has a lateral spine
65
what is the lab diagnosis of schistosoma haematobium? and where?
Detection of eggs in stools or urine.
S. haematobium eggs has a terminal spine
66
what is the lab diagnosis of schistosoma japonicum? and where?
Detection of
eggs in stools
or urine.
67
2 Other names for Cercaria of non-human schistosomes
“Bather’s itch, Swimmer’s itch”.
68
Can Cercariae penetrate beyond the skin? and why? what does it lead to (3)?
No Cercariae penetrate the skin, but can’t proceed more,
rapidly destroyed by human defense mechanisms
leading to irritation, itching & allergic reaction.
69
what is cercariae treated by (3)
*local anti-histaminic
*anti pruritic drugs
*antibiotic
70
list 3 trematodes
fasciola,heterophyes, schistosoma
71
list 5 nematodes
1)Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
2)Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
3)Ascaris lumbricoides 4)Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm) 5)Wuchereria
72
Enterobius vermicularis is a ____worm
pin
73
Trichuris trichiura is a ____worm
whip
74
Ancylostoma duodenale is a ____worm
hook
75
what disease is for Enterobius vermicularis?and whats another name for that? and whats its length?
pinworm infection (enterobiasis) (5mm, 10mm).
76
what disease is for Trichuris trichiura ?and whats another name for that? and whats its length?
whip worm infection or trichuriasis (3cm,4cm)
77
whats the disease for Ascaris lumbricoides and whats the length for?
ascariasis 20-25 cm
78
Ancylostoma duodenale disease
Ancylostomiasis
79
Wuchereria bancrofti leads to what disease
elephantiasis.
80
what is the vector for wuchereria Anopheles and Culex species
female mosquito
81
what is the infective stage of Enterobius vermicularis
egg
82
what is the mode of infection of Enterobius vermicularis
ingesting of the worm eggs
83
what is the most prominent clinical finding of Enterobius vermicularis
Perianal pruritus is the most prominent symptom.
84
as for the lab diagnosis for Enterobius vermicularis, where are eggs found? and where are they not found?
The eggs are recovered from perianal skin by (using the Scotch tape technique) can be observed microscopically.
-The eggs are not found in the stools
85
Enterobius vermicularis treatment ? and what is the precaution done for the people in contact?
Mebendazole. Whole family must take the treatment as it is highly infectious
86
what is the 2 prevention methods done for Enterobius vermicularis
1. Personal cleanliness
2. Mass treatment in community at which there is infected case.
87
at night how does Enterobius vermicularis female travel? and what does it do?
At night, the female migrates from the anus and releases thousands of fertilized eggs on the perianal skin and into the environment.
88
infective stage of Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) and Ascaris lumbricoides
embryonated egg
89
Ancylostoma duodenale infective stage is
filariform larvae
90
what is the infective stage for wuchereria
infective larvae
91
Trichuris trichiura mode of infection
Ingesting worm embryonated eggs in food or water contaminated with human feces.
92
Trichuris trichiura clinical findings? and what do they cause? and what does it increase?
Trichuris
it may cause rectal prolapse in children with heavy infection.
Prolapse results from increased peristalsis that occurs to expel the worms
93
Lab diagnosis of Trichuris trichiura and their shape
Diagnosis is based on finding the typical eggs,
i.e., barrel-shaped with a plug at each end, in the stool
94
Trichuris trichiura treatment
mebendazole
95
3 ways of prevention methods for Trichuris trichiura
1. Proper washing of vegetables eaten raw. 2. Health education.
3. Mass treatment.
96
mode of infection for Ascaris lumbricoides
ingesting eggs in food or water contaminated with human feces
97
Do Ascaris lumbricoides infections have symptoms? and what are 2 findings found in heavy worms?
Most infections are asymptomatic.
Malnutrition and intestinal obstruction in a heavy worm burden patient.
98
Lab diagnosis of Ascaris lumbricoides
Microscopically by detecting eggs in the stools.
99
2 treatments for Ascaris lumbricoides
Both mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate
100
3 ways to prevent Ascaris lumbricoides
1. Proper washing of vegetables eaten raw.
2. Health education.
3. Mass treatment.
101
Mode of infection for Ancylostoma duodenale
penetration of the skin by the filariform larvae on walking with bared foot on moist soil
102
Clinical finding for Ancylostoma duodenale and what does it lead to?
loss of blood at the site of attachment in the small intestine will lead to microcytic anemia.
103
Lab Diagnosis for Ancylostoma duodenale
Microscopically by finding eggs in the stools.
104
2 treatments for Ancylostoma duodenale
Both mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate
105
4 ways to prevent a Ancylostoma duodenale infection
1. Personal prophylaxis: wearing protective gloves, shoes and clothes in people handling mud.
2. Health education: no defecation on the ground, no walking barefooted.
3. Sanitary disposal of human feces.
4. Mass treatment.
106
106
107
Mode of infection for Wuchereria and what does it deposit
Humans are infected when the female mosquito deposits infective larvae on the skin while biting
108
Clinical Findings Wuchereria what does it cause and obstruct? and whats an other name for the cause?
Adult worms in the lymph nodes cause inflammation that eventually obstructs the lymphatic vessels, causing edema
Massive edema of the legs is called elephantiasis.
109
Lab diagnosis for Wuchereria
Thick blood smears taken from the patient at night reveal the microfilariae.
110
Wuchereria treatment and in what case can treatment not be given?
Diethylcarbamazine is effective only against microfilariae;
no drug therapy for adult worms is available.
111
2 ways to prevent Wuchereria infection
1. Mass treatment of patients.
2. Control of mosquitoes
