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Microbio II > Ch3: Blood &Tissue protozoa > Flashcards

Ch3: Blood &Tissue protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

Plasmodium Disease

A

Malaria

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2
Q

how many phases does plasmodium have?

A

2 phases

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3
Q

What is the 2 infective stages of plasmodium?

A

sporozoites (mosquito) and schizonts (blood)

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4
Q

what is the final host for plasmodium?

A

The sexual cycle in mosquitoes, (final host).

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5
Q

what is the intermediate host for Plasmodium

A

The asexual cycle “schizogony “in humans (intermediate hosts)

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6
Q

what are the 4 possible modes of infection?

A

Mosquito bites, across placenta, Blood transfusions, Intravenous drug abuse

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7
Q

pathologic findings of malaria result from

A

from the destruction of red blood cells.

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8
Q

what does malaria present itself with?

A

abrupt onset of fever and chills.

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9
Q

what are the 4 types of plasmodium

A

vivax, malariae, ovale, falciparum

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10
Q

how many hours does the p.malarie fever cycle last? What’s the name that was given to it based on that?

A

72 hours and quartan malaria

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11
Q

how many hours does the p.vivax fever cycle last? What’s the name that was given to it based on that?

A

48 hours and tertian malaria

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12
Q

how many hours does the p.ovale fever cycle last? What’s the name that was given to it based on that?

A

48 hours and tertian malaria

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13
Q

how many hours does the p.falciparum fever cycle last? What’s the name that was given to it based on that?

A

less than 48 hours and sub tertian or malginant malaria

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14
Q

what are the 3 clinical findings for plasmodium

A

malarial paroxysms,anemia, and enlarged spleen and liver

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15
Q

malarial paroxysms has 3 stages what are they? and how long do they last?

A

Cold stage: patient feels cold, shivers last for about ½ hr. Hot stage: fever, dry skin lasts for 1-4 hrs. Sweating stage: profuse sweating and temperature is falling lasts for 1-4 hrs.

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16
Q

which causes the most severe malaria out of the plasmodiums?

A

P. falciparum is more severe (malignant malaria) than that caused by other plasmodia

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17
Q

which plasmodium is characterized by infection of moreee

A

RBCs

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18
Q

what is the most distributed type of plasmodium?

A

P. falciparum

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19
Q

What are the 2 plasmodium types from tropical area?

A

P.ovale and p.falciparum

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20
Q

p.falciparum causes the occulsion of ______ that aggregates of________

A

capillaries and parasitized red cells

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21
Q

adhesion phenomena

A

Occlusion of the capillaries with aggregates of parasitized red cells

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22
Q

adhesion phenomena with P.falciparum leads to 4 things:

A

-Cerebral malaria,
-algid form (w/ peripheral circulatory failure),
-Gastrointestinal form(dysentery)
-hemoglobinuria (black water fever)

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23
Q

hemoglobinuria

A

black water fever

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24
Q

lab diagnosis for plasmodium what is the smear type?

A

through microscopic examination of blood Giemsa-stained smears

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25
Q

all stages can be seen in blood film with_______

A

individual differences in morphology with each plasmodium species.

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26
Q

can all stages be seen with plasmodium falciparum

A

NO only ring stages and gametocytes are seen in blood films because of adhesion phenomena.

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27
Q

what are the 3 treatments for plasmodium and their function?

A

Quinine: schizonticidal and gametocidal.

Primaquine: gametocidal and destroys the secondary tissue phase in the liver (radical cure).

Proguanil: destroys the primary tissue stages in the liver and so used as prophylaxis.

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28
Q

3 prevention for plasmodium

A

Treatment of cases, Vector control, Chemoprophylaxis.

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29
Q

2 types of relapses

A

True relapse and False relapse (recrudescence

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30
Q

which plasmodium species have true relapse?

A

with P. vivax and P. ovale.

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31
Q

which 2 plasmodium has false relapse

A

p. falciparum (tropical) and p. malaria

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32
Q

what is true relpase for malaria?

A

the merozoites released from the liver cells invade the RBCs and some reinvade the liver cells again (secondary tissue phase).

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33
Q

What is false relapse

A

when all liver merozoites invade RBCs with no reinvasion of the liver cells.
The relapse is due the dormant merozoites in RBCs.

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34
Q

what disease does babesia cause

A

Babesiosis

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35
Q

what is the infection type of babesia? and of what type of parasite ?

A

Zoonotic infection of a protozoan parasite “Babesia”

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36
Q

babesia tramsitted through a

A

tick bite

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37
Q

2 additional transmission routes for babesia

A

Congenital/perinatal
and Blood transfusion of blood from an infected donor.

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38
Q

what individuals does babesia primarily affect? (3)

A

Primarily affects immunocompromised/suppressed, especially asplenic and/or elderly patients.

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39
Q

what is babesias infection similar to?

A

Malaria-like” infection.

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40
Q

what disease does Toxoplasma gondii cause

A

toxoplasmosis.

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41
Q

what is the infective stage for toxoplasma ? There are 3 different transmissions

A
  1. Oocysts in animal stools.
  2. True cysts in meat.
  3. Tachyzoites in blood or transplacentally
42
Q

what are the 3 modes of transmission for toxoplasma?

A
  1. Ingestion of cysts in uncooked meat or cat feces.
  2. Ingestion of oocysts through contaminated hands with animal stool.
  3. Transplacental transmission: congenital infection of the fetus
43
Q

for the fetus toxoplasma infection when and how does it occur?(2 cases)

A

it occurs only when the mother is infected during pregnancy for the 1st time or reactivation during 1st trimester of pregnancy.

44
Q

in what individual does toxoplasma be asymptomatic?

A

Asymptomatic in immunocompetent adults.

45
Q

In what individual does toxoplasma infection be life-threatening or disseminated?

A

Immunosuppressed patients (AIDS patients

46
Q

teratogenic effect in which infection of Toxoplasma

A

congenital infection

47
Q

lab diagnosis for toxoplasma what is used

A

Immunofluorescence assay for IgM antibody is used

48
Q

why use IgM to diagnose a toxoplasma infection?

A

IgM is used to diagnose congenital infection because IgG can be maternal in. origin

49
Q

Does latent infections in toxoplasma require treatment?

A

no

50
Q

Acute symptomatic infections and congenital infections must be treated in toxoplasma with

A
  1. Combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine.
  2. Spiramycin in pregnancy.
51
Q

what are 3 ways to prevent a toxoplasma infection

A
  1. Thorough cooking of any type of meat.
  2. Care in handling cats.
  3. Avoid contamination of food and drink with cat feces
52
Q

toxoplasma associated with what animal

A

cats

53
Q

plasmodium associated with what insect

A

mosquito

54
Q

babesia associated with what insect

A

ticks

55
Q

The genus Trypanosoma includes three major pathogens

A

Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma gambiense. Trypanosoma rhodesiense.

56
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi disease

A

Chagas’ disease (American trypanosomiasis)

57
Q

Trypanosoma gambiense & rhodesiense disease

A

Sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis)

58
Q

Leishmania donovani

A

complex is the cause of kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis).

59
Q

the kala-azar has a other name

A

visceral leishmaniasis

60
Q

Vector of Trypanosoma cruzi and another name for that vector

A

reduviid bug (conenose or kissing bug)

61
Q

Vector of Trypanosoma gambiense & rhodesiense and another name for that vector

A

tsetse fly

62
Q

Vector of Leishmania and another name for that vector

A

sandfly

63
Q

What is the infective stage of the 3 types of Trypanosoma

A

metacyclic trypomastigotes.

64
Q

what is the infective stage of leishmania

A

promastigotes

65
Q

what is the mode of transmission for Trypanosoma cruzi ?

A

contamination of bite wound with bug’s feces leads to infection.

66
Q

what is the mode of transmission for Trypanosoma gambiense & rhodesiense

A

injection of organisms in the saliva of the insect during biting

67
Q

what is the mode of transmission for leishmania

A

bite of sand fly

68
Q

what are the clinical findings near the Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Facial edema and a nodule (chagoma) near the bite.

69
Q

what is the Trypanosoma cruzi bite be like near the eye

A

If the bite is near the eye it will lead to periorbital edema “Romana sign.”

70
Q

what are the general clinical findings of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Fever, lymphadenopathy, & hepatosplenomegaly

71
Q

If trypanosoma cruzi progresses to chronic form what are the clinical findings

A

Some patients progress to the chronic form with cardiomyopathy, megaesophagus, and megacolon where the parasite affects the neuroganglia

72
Q

trypanosoma gambiense & rhodesiense what is the type of lesion that forms?

A

initial lesion: is an indurated skin ulcer (“trypanosomal chancre”) at the site of the fly bite.

73
Q

other name for the initial lesion is an indurated skin ulcer

A

trypanosomal chancre

74
Q

What are the 2 other clinical findings for trypanosoma gambiense & rhodesiense

A

Enlargement of the posterior cervical lymph nodes (Winterbottom’s sign).

Encephalitis is characterized initially by headache, insomnia and finally coma. (sleeping sickness)

75
Q

For Visceral leishmaniasis, symptoms begin with

A

intermittent fever, weakness, and weight loss.

76
Q

Visceral leishmaniasis affects what system in the body and what does lt lead to

A

reticuloendothelial system leading to enlargement of the spleen.

77
Q

what does Visceral leishmaniasis cause to the skin of light-skinned patients?

A

Hyperpigmentation of the skin is seen in light-skinned patients (kala-azar means black sickness).

78
Q

Visceral leishmaniasis post effect

A

Post kala azar dermal lishmaniod.

79
Q

whats the lab diagnosis of trypanosoma cruzi? what type of disease?

A

Acute disease: presence of trypomastigotes in films of the patient’s blood.

80
Q

what are 3 other diagnostic method are used to detect trypomastigotes in trypanosoma cruzi

A

(1) a stained preparation of a bone marrow aspirate.

(2) culture of the organism on special medium.

(3) xenodiagnoses

81
Q

in trypanosoma cruzi how many trypomastigotes are in blood?

A

Because trypomastigotes are not numerous in the blood, other diagnostic methods may be required.

82
Q

what is xenodiagnoses with trypanosoma cruzi and what is done after several weeks?

A

xenodiagnoses, which consists of allowing an uninfected, laboratory-raised reduviid bug to feed on the patient and, after several weeks, examining the intestinal contents of the bug for the organism.

83
Q

what is treatment of trypanosoma cruzi? (2)

A
  1. Primaquine
  2. No satisfactory treatment to tissue stages
84
Q

what is treatment of trypanosoma gambiense & rhodesiense (2 cases)

A
  1. Early cases: Suramine. 2. Late cerebral cases: Melarsorpol
85
Q

what is treatment of leishmania

A

Pentavalent antimonial drugs. (Pentamidine)

86
Q

what is the prevention of trypanosoma

A
  1. Treatment of cases.
  2. Vector control.
87
Q

what is the lab diagnosis of trpanosoma gambiense & rhodesiense

A

Microscopic examination of the blood reveals trypomastigotes.

88
Q

what is the lab diagnosis of leishmania and where are they detected in the body (3)

A

Diagnosis is usually made by detecting amastigotes in skin, bone marrow, spleen, or lymph node biopsy or “touch” preparation.

89
Q

what is the prevention of leishmania? (3)

A

1)Treatment of cases
2)Vector control
3)Active immunization with living organism from an active ulcer result in lifelong protection (Suspension of living promastigotes).

90
Q

leishmania has 5 types

A

L.tropica,,L.major,L.brazieliensis and l. mixicana , and L.aethiopica

91
Q

Old world cutaneous leishmaniasis other name for it and what is it characterized by

A

“oriental sore”:
characterized by ulcer at the site of bite face or exposed parts of the body the lesion heals spontaneously in 1-2 years leaving disfiguring scar.

92
Q

old word leishmania

A

L. major, l. Tropicana

93
Q

New world cutaneous leishmaniasis has 2 types of it

A
  1. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
    2.Checlero’ s ulcer
94
Q

New word cutaneous leishmaniasis 2 leishmania

A

l. brazieliensis and l. mixicana

95
Q

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis what is it? give me an example

A

skin lesions which metastasize to oropharynx after months or years leading to destruction of cartilage. (l. brazilensis)

96
Q

Checlero’ s ulcer what is it ? give an example

A

single lesions affecting ears (l. Mexicana)

97
Q

L. tropica

A

one nodule on the face with low exudates dry

98
Q

l. major

A

multiple nodules with lot of exudates on limbs), old world

99
Q

l. brazieliensis and l. mixicana

A

cause cutaneous leishmaniasis. New world

100
Q

L. aethiopica

A

multiplication with lot of nodules like lepromatous leprosy due to virulent strain and low immunity). old world

Microbio II (5 decks)

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