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Microbio II > Ch3: Blood &Tissue protozoa > Flashcards

Ch3: Blood &Tissue protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

Plasmodium Disease

A

Malaria

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2
Q

how many phases does plasmodium have?

A

2 phases

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3
Q

What is the 2 infective stages of plasmodium?

A

sporozoites (mosquito) and schizonts (blood)

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4
Q

what is the final host for plasmodium?

A

The sexual cycle in mosquitoes, (final host).

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5
Q

what is the intermediate host for Plasmodium

A

The asexual cycle “schizogony “in humans (intermediate hosts)

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6
Q

what are the 4 possible modes of infection?

A

Mosquito bites, across placenta, Blood transfusions, Intravenous drug abuse

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7
Q

pathologic findings of malaria result from

A

from the destruction of red blood cells.

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8
Q

what does malaria present itself with?

A

abrupt onset of fever and chills.

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9
Q

what are the 4 types of plasmodium

A

vivax, malariae, ovale, falciparum

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10
Q

how many hours does the p.malarie fever cycle last? What’s the name that was given to it based on that?

A

72 hours and quartan malaria

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11
Q

how many hours does the p.vivax fever cycle last? What’s the name that was given to it based on that?

A

48 hours and tertian malaria

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12
Q

how many hours does the p.ovale fever cycle last? What’s the name that was given to it based on that?

A

48 hours and tertian malaria

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13
Q

how many hours does the p.falciparum fever cycle last? What’s the name that was given to it based on that?

A

less than 48 hours and sub tertian or malginant malaria

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14
Q

what are the 3 clinical findings for plasmodium

A

malarial paroxysms,anemia, and enlarged spleen and liver

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15
Q

malarial paroxysms has 3 stages what are they? and how long do they last?

A

Cold stage: patient feels cold, shivers last for about ½ hr. Hot stage: fever, dry skin lasts for 1-4 hrs. Sweating stage: profuse sweating and temperature is falling lasts for 1-4 hrs.

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16
Q

which causes the most severe malaria out of the plasmodiums?

A

P. falciparum is more severe (malignant malaria) than that caused by other plasmodia

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17
Q

which plasmodium is characterized by infection of moreee

A

RBCs

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18
Q

what is the most distributed type of plasmodium?

A

P. falciparum

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19
Q

What are the 2 plasmodium types from tropical area?

A

P.ovale and p.falciparum

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20
Q

p.falciparum causes the occulsion of ______ that aggregates of________

A

capillaries and parasitized red cells

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21
Q

adhesion phenomena

A

Occlusion of the capillaries with aggregates of parasitized red cells

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22
Q

adhesion phenomena with P.falciparum leads to 4 things:

A

-Cerebral malaria,
-algid form (w/ peripheral circulatory failure),
-Gastrointestinal form(dysentery)
-hemoglobinuria (black water fever)

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23
Q

hemoglobinuria

A

black water fever

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24
Q

lab diagnosis for plasmodium what is the smear type?

A

through microscopic examination of blood Giemsa-stained smears

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25
all stages can be seen in blood film with_______
individual differences in morphology with each plasmodium species.
26
can all stages be seen with plasmodium falciparum
NO only ring stages and gametocytes are seen in blood films because of adhesion phenomena.
27
what are the 3 treatments for plasmodium and their function?
Quinine: schizonticidal and gametocidal. Primaquine: gametocidal and destroys the secondary tissue phase in the liver (radical cure). Proguanil: destroys the primary tissue stages in the liver and so used as prophylaxis.
28
3 prevention for plasmodium
Treatment of cases, Vector control, Chemoprophylaxis.
29
2 types of relapses
True relapse and False relapse (recrudescence
30
which plasmodium species have true relapse?
with P. vivax and P. ovale.
31
which 2 plasmodium has false relapse
p. falciparum (tropical) and p. malaria
32
what is true relpase for malaria?
the merozoites released from the liver cells invade the RBCs and some reinvade the liver cells again (secondary tissue phase).
33
What is false relapse
when all liver merozoites invade RBCs with no reinvasion of the liver cells. The relapse is due the dormant merozoites in RBCs.
34
what disease does babesia cause
Babesiosis
35
what is the infection type of babesia? and of what type of parasite ?
Zoonotic infection of a protozoan parasite “Babesia”
36
babesia tramsitted through a
tick bite
37
2 additional transmission routes for babesia
Congenital/perinatal and Blood transfusion of blood from an infected donor.
38
what individuals does babesia primarily affect? (3)
Primarily affects immunocompromised/suppressed, especially asplenic and/or elderly patients.
39
what is babesias infection similar to?
Malaria-like” infection.
40
what disease does Toxoplasma gondii cause
toxoplasmosis.
41
what is the infective stage for toxoplasma ? There are 3 different transmissions
1. Oocysts in animal stools. 2. True cysts in meat. 3. Tachyzoites in blood or transplacentally
42
what are the 3 modes of transmission for toxoplasma?
1. Ingestion of cysts in uncooked meat or cat feces. 2. Ingestion of oocysts through contaminated hands with animal stool. 3. Transplacental transmission: congenital infection of the fetus
43
for the fetus toxoplasma infection when and how does it occur?(2 cases)
it occurs only when the mother is infected during pregnancy for the 1st time or reactivation during 1st trimester of pregnancy.
44
in what individual does toxoplasma be asymptomatic?
Asymptomatic in immunocompetent adults.
45
In what individual does toxoplasma infection be life-threatening or disseminated?
Immunosuppressed patients (AIDS patients
46
teratogenic effect in which infection of Toxoplasma
congenital infection
47
lab diagnosis for toxoplasma what is used
Immunofluorescence assay for IgM antibody is used
48
why use IgM to diagnose a toxoplasma infection?
IgM is used to diagnose congenital infection because IgG can be maternal in. origin
49
Does latent infections in toxoplasma require treatment?
no
50
Acute symptomatic infections and congenital infections must be treated in toxoplasma with
1. Combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine. 2. Spiramycin in pregnancy.
51
what are 3 ways to prevent a toxoplasma infection
1. Thorough cooking of any type of meat. 2. Care in handling cats. 3. Avoid contamination of food and drink with cat feces
52
toxoplasma associated with what animal
cats
53
plasmodium associated with what insect
mosquito
54
babesia associated with what insect
ticks
55
The genus Trypanosoma includes three major pathogens
Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma gambiense. Trypanosoma rhodesiense.
56
Trypanosoma cruzi disease
Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis)
57
Trypanosoma gambiense & rhodesiense disease
Sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis)
58
Leishmania donovani
complex is the cause of kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis).
59
the kala-azar has a other name
visceral leishmaniasis
60
Vector of Trypanosoma cruzi and another name for that vector
reduviid bug (conenose or kissing bug)
61
Vector of Trypanosoma gambiense & rhodesiense and another name for that vector
tsetse fly
62
Vector of Leishmania and another name for that vector
sandfly
63
What is the infective stage of the 3 types of Trypanosoma
metacyclic trypomastigotes.
64
what is the infective stage of leishmania
promastigotes
65
what is the mode of transmission for Trypanosoma cruzi ?
contamination of bite wound with bug’s feces leads to infection.
66
what is the mode of transmission for Trypanosoma gambiense & rhodesiense
injection of organisms in the saliva of the insect during biting
67
what is the mode of transmission for leishmania
bite of sand fly
68
what are the clinical findings near the Trypanosoma cruzi
Facial edema and a nodule (chagoma) near the bite.
69
what is the Trypanosoma cruzi bite be like near the eye
If the bite is near the eye it will lead to periorbital edema “Romana sign.”
70
what are the general clinical findings of Trypanosoma cruzi
Fever, lymphadenopathy, & hepatosplenomegaly
71
If trypanosoma cruzi progresses to chronic form what are the clinical findings
Some patients progress to the chronic form with cardiomyopathy, megaesophagus, and megacolon where the parasite affects the neuroganglia
72
trypanosoma gambiense & rhodesiense what is the type of lesion that forms?
initial lesion: is an indurated skin ulcer ("trypanosomal chancre") at the site of the fly bite.
73
other name for the initial lesion is an indurated skin ulcer
trypanosomal chancre
74
What are the 2 other clinical findings for trypanosoma gambiense & rhodesiense
Enlargement of the posterior cervical lymph nodes (Winterbottom's sign). Encephalitis is characterized initially by headache, insomnia and finally coma. (sleeping sickness)
75
For Visceral leishmaniasis, symptoms begin with
intermittent fever, weakness, and weight loss.
76
Visceral leishmaniasis affects what system in the body and what does lt lead to
reticuloendothelial system leading to enlargement of the spleen.
77
what does Visceral leishmaniasis cause to the skin of light-skinned patients?
Hyperpigmentation of the skin is seen in light-skinned patients (kala-azar means black sickness).
78
Visceral leishmaniasis post effect
Post kala azar dermal lishmaniod.
79
whats the lab diagnosis of trypanosoma cruzi? what type of disease?
Acute disease: presence of trypomastigotes in films of the patient's blood.
80
what are 3 other diagnostic method are used to detect trypomastigotes in trypanosoma cruzi
(1) a stained preparation of a bone marrow aspirate. (2) culture of the organism on special medium. (3) xenodiagnoses
81
in trypanosoma cruzi how many trypomastigotes are in blood?
Because trypomastigotes are not numerous in the blood, other diagnostic methods may be required.
82
what is xenodiagnoses with trypanosoma cruzi and what is done after several weeks?
xenodiagnoses, which consists of allowing an uninfected, laboratory-raised reduviid bug to feed on the patient and, after several weeks, examining the intestinal contents of the bug for the organism.
83
what is treatment of trypanosoma cruzi? (2)
1. Primaquine 2. No satisfactory treatment to tissue stages
84
what is treatment of trypanosoma gambiense & rhodesiense (2 cases)
1. Early cases: Suramine. 2. Late cerebral cases: Melarsorpol
85
what is treatment of leishmania
Pentavalent antimonial drugs. (Pentamidine)
86
what is the prevention of trypanosoma
1. Treatment of cases. 2. Vector control.
87
what is the lab diagnosis of trpanosoma gambiense & rhodesiense
Microscopic examination of the blood reveals trypomastigotes.
88
what is the lab diagnosis of leishmania and where are they detected in the body (3)
Diagnosis is usually made by detecting amastigotes in skin, bone marrow, spleen, or lymph node biopsy or "touch" preparation.
89
what is the prevention of leishmania? (3)
1)Treatment of cases 2)Vector control 3)Active immunization with living organism from an active ulcer result in lifelong protection (Suspension of living promastigotes).
90
leishmania has 5 types
L.tropica,,L.major,L.brazieliensis and l. mixicana , and L.aethiopica
91
Old world cutaneous leishmaniasis other name for it and what is it characterized by
“oriental sore”: characterized by ulcer at the site of bite face or exposed parts of the body the lesion heals spontaneously in 1-2 years leaving disfiguring scar.
92
old word leishmania
L. major, l. Tropicana
93
New world cutaneous leishmaniasis has 2 types of it
1. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis 2.Checlero’ s ulcer
94
New word cutaneous leishmaniasis 2 leishmania
l. brazieliensis and l. mixicana
95
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis what is it? give me an example
skin lesions which metastasize to oropharynx after months or years leading to destruction of cartilage. (l. brazilensis)
96
Checlero’ s ulcer what is it ? give an example
single lesions affecting ears (l. Mexicana)
97
L. tropica
one nodule on the face with low exudates dry
98
l. major
multiple nodules with lot of exudates on limbs), old world
99
l. brazieliensis and l. mixicana
cause cutaneous leishmaniasis. New world
100
L. aethiopica
multiplication with lot of nodules like lepromatous leprosy due to virulent strain and low immunity). old world

Microbio II (5 decks)

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