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A-LEVEL Geography - OW > Chapter 5 - Hazards - Complete > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Hazards - Complete Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a hazard?

A

Something that’s a potential threat to human life or property

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2
Q

Define natural hazard?

A

A hazard caused by the earth and our atmosphere

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3
Q

Define geophysical hazard?

A

Caused by land processes

  • Earthquakes
  • Volcanic eruptions
  • Landslides
  • Tsunamis
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4
Q

Define atmospheric hazards?

A

Caused by climatic processes

  • Tropical cyclones
  • Storms
  • Droughts
  • Extreme hot/ cold weather
  • Wildfires
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5
Q

Define hydrological hazards?

A

Caused by water movement

  • Floods
  • Avalanches
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6
Q

Define disaster?

A

When a hazard actually seriously affects humans.

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7
Q

What’s the difference between a natural hazard and a disaster?

A

A natural hazard is a volcano erupting in a deserted place but becomes a disaster when it affects people.

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8
Q

Define risk?

A

The likelihood that humans will be seriously affected by a hazard.

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9
Q

Define vulnerability?

A

How susceptible a population is to the damage caused by a hazard.

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10
Q 
Define 5 factors that affect peoples perceptions of a hazard?
W
R
E
P E
P
A
  • Wealth = rich people afford to move house.
  • Religion = view hazard as act of God.
  • Education = More education better understanding of risks.
  • Past experiences = People live in hazard-prone areas, adapt and know circumstances.
  • Personality = People fear hazards/ others think they’re exciting.
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11
Q 
Define 4 things governments try to do to reduce their vulnerability of a hazard?
P
P
P
F
A
  • Preparation to reduce its magnitude. Building flood defences. Cost risk sharing.
  • Prediction of hazard, when, where a hazard will occur.
  • Protection of property.
  • Fatalism - accept the hazard cannot be avoided.
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12
Q

Define the Park Model?

A

Shows the different phases of response to a hazard.

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13
Q 
Define the 5 stages in the Park Model?
P D
D
R
R
R
A
  • Pre-Disaster
  • Disruption
  • Relief
  • Rehabilitation
  • Reconstruction
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14
Q

Define PRE-DISASTER in the Park Model?

A

Before the event, situation is normal.

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15
Q

Define DISRUPTION in the Park Model?

A

During & directly after the hazard occurred, destruction of property, loss of life.

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16
Q

Define RELIEF in the Park Model?

A

In the aftermath of event, rescue efforts focus on saving people & preventing further damage.

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17
Q

Define REHABILITATION in the Park Model?

A

Once the immediate impacts are under control, people start to resolve longer-term problems (shelter, aid).

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18
Q

Define RECONSTRUCTION in the Park Model?

A

Involves rebuilding permanent houses, infrastructure.

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19
Q 
Define the 4 phases in the hazard Management Cycle?
M
P
R
R
A
  • Mitigation = minimise impacts in future, build defences.
  • Preparedness = Planning how to respond in future, warning systems.
  • Response = How people react in disaster situation, emergency services rescue people.
  • Recovery = Getting affected area back to normal, repairing rebuilding houses, restoring services.
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20
Q

Define the Earth’s core?

A
  • Centre of earth
  • Inner core = solid ball containing Iron & Nickel.
  • Outer core = semi-molten containing Iron & Nickel.
  • 6000oC hot
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21
Q

Define the Earth’s mantle?

A
  • Around core is mantle (Silicate rock).
  • Nearest to core/ quite rigid.
  • Asthenosphere above mantle (semi-molten).
  • 1000-3500oC hot.
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22
Q

Define the layers of the Earth?

A
  • Inner core
  • Outer core
  • Mantle
  • Asthenosphere
  • Crust
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23
Q

Define 2 types of Crust?

A
  • Continental = Is thicker (30-70km thick) less dense.

- Oceanic = Is thinner (6-10km thick) more dense.

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24
Q

Define tectonic plates?

A
  • Lithosphere divided into many slabs, which move in relation to each other.
  • Plates meet at plate boundaries/margins.
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25
Q

Define 3 theories why tectonic plates move?

A
  • Convectional currents
  • Slab pull
  • Ridge push (Gravitational sliding)
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26
Q

Define CONVECTIONAL CURRENTS as a theory why tectonic plates move?

A
  • Parts of asthenosphere heat up from core, less dense, slowly rise, then cool down and slowly sink.
  • Circular movements of semi-molten rock called convection currents.
  • Create drag on base of tectonic plate, making them move.
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27
Q

Define SLAB PULL as a theory why tectonic plates move?

A
  • At destructive plate margins, denser crust is forced under less dense crust.
  • Sinking plate edge pulls rest of plate towards boundary.
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28
Q

Define RIDGE PUSH as a theory why tectonic plates move?

A
  • Constructive plate margin, magma rises to surface forms new crust.
  • Surrounding rock heats, expands, rises above surface forming slope.
  • New crust cools down, dense, gravity shifts denser rocks downslope, away from plate margin.
  • Puts pressure on tectonic plate, causing then to move apart.
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29
Q

Define sea-floor spreading?

A
  • As tectonic plates diverge, magma rises to fill gap.
  • Sea bed gets wider as plates diverge, more magma fills gap.
  • Creates mid-ocean ridges.
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30
Q

Define constructive margin?

A

Occurs where two plates move APART from eachother.

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31
Q

Define destructive margin?

A

Occurs where two plates are moving TOWARDS EACHOTHER (converging).

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32
Q

Define how a constructive plate margin causes volcanoes to erupt?

A
  • Magma is less dense than the plate above, it rises and can erupt to form a volcano.
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33
Q

Define how a constructive plate margin causes earthquakes to happen?

A
  • Plates don’t move apart in uniform.

- Causes pressure build-up, plates crack, making fault line causing earthquake.

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34
Q

Define 2 landforms created at a constructive margin?

A
  • Ocean ridge

- Rift valley

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35
Q

Define OCEAN RIDGE as a constructive margin landform?

A
  • Diverging plates underwater
  • Underwater volcanoes erupt & build up above sea level.
  • Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Eurasian & North American plate)
  • Iceland built from underwater volcanoes build-up.
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36
Q

Define RIFT VALLEY as a constructive margin landform?

A
  • Plates diverge beneath land, rising magma makes crust bulge & fracture, forming fault lines.
  • Crusts between parallel fault lines drops down forming rift valley.
  • East African Rift System (Mozambique –> Red Sea)
  • Volcanoes found near rift valleys (Mount Kilimanjaro).
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37
Q 
Define the landforms created at an OCEANIC-CONTINENTAL destructive margin?
D
F
V
E
A
  • Deep-sea trench
  • Fold mountains
  • Volcanoes
  • Earthquakes
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38
Q

Define how DEEP SEA TRENCH are formed at an OCEANIC-CONTINENTAL destructive margin?

A
  • More dense oceanic crust is forced under less dense continental crust.
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39
Q

Define how FOLD MOUNTAINS are formed at an OCEANIC-CONTINENTAL destructive margin?

A
  • Where plates meet.
  • Made up of sediment that has accumulated on the continental crust, which are folded upwards along with the edge of the continental crust.
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40
Q

Define how VOLCANOES are formed at an OCEANIC-CONTINENTAL destructive margin?

A
  • Magma less dense than continental crust and will rise back to surface forming a volcano.
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41
Q

Define how EARTHQUAKES are formed at an OCEANIC-CONTINENTAL destructive margin?

A
  • One plate moves under other they get stuck.
  • Causes pressure building up.
  • Pressure breaks, plates jerk past each other, causing earthquake.
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42
Q

Define the landforms created at an OCEANIC-OCEANIC destructive margin?

A
  • Denser plate submerged forming DEEP SEA TRENCH, triggering EARTHQUAKES & VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS.
  • Volcanic eruptions that occur underwater form ISLAND ARCS.
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43
Q

Define the landforms created at a CONTINENTAL-CONTINENTAL destructive margin?

A
  • Plates move towards eachother building pressure causing EARTHQUAKES.
  • FOLD MOUNTAINS form when continental crusts converge.
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44
Q

Define conservative plate margins?

A

Occurs when two plates slide past eachother parallel.

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45
Q

Define EARTHQUAKES at conservative plate margins?

A
  • Two plates get stuck alongside eachother, pressure builds, plates jerk forming fault lines causing an EARTHQUAKE.
  • e.g. San Andreas Fault (California)
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46
Q

Define how magma plumes are formed at plate margins?

A
  • Magma plume is a vertical column of extra-hot magma which rises up from mantle.
  • Magma plume stationary over time, but crust moves above it.
  • New volcanoes form above magma plume.
    As crust moves, a row of volcanoes form on the land.
  • Hawaii is a magma plume.
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47
Q

Define where most volcanic eruptions take place?

A

Near constructive/destructive plate margins.

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48
Q

Define what the lava is like at a constructive plate margin?

A
  • Basaltic lava formed here (very hot, low viscosity).
  • Flows quickly
  • Eruptions of basaltic lava are frequent, last long time.
  • Not violent.
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49
Q

Define what the lava is like at a destructive plate margin?

A
  • Andesitic & Rhyolitic lava formed here.
  • Cooler, more viscous (Flows slower).
  • Usually erupt intermittently, last short time.
  • Subduction zones, melting plate forms magma, which rises to surface as volcano.
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50
Q 
Define the 6 forms volcanic hazards can come in?
P
L
V
P
M
A
A
  • Pyroclastic flows (nuée ardente)
  • Lava flows
  • Volcanic gases
  • Pyroclastic & ash fallout
  • Mudflows (Lahars)
  • Acid rain
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51
Q

Define PYROCLASTIC FLOWS (nuée ardente) as a form of a volcanic hazard?

A
  • Mixture of super-heated gas, ash & volcanic rock
  • Flows downside of volcano, high speed, 80km/h for 10-15km long.
  • As travel so fast little warning, cause death & destruction, burning.
52
Q

Define LAVA FLOWS as a form of a volcanic hazard?

A
  • Lava flows from volcanic vent in side of volcano.
  • Speed, distance travelled depends on temperature & viscosity.
  • Relatively slow, people can evacuate in time.
  • Destroys anything in path, buildings & vegetation.
53
Q

Define VOLCANIC GASES as a form of a volcanic hazard?

A
  • Lava contains gases (carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide).
  • Released into atmosphere when erupted.
  • Gases harmful to humans & animals if inhaled.
  • Cause breathing difficulties.
54
Q

Define PYROCLASTIC & ASH FALLOUT as a form of a volcanic hazard?

A
  • Material being ejected from volcano falls to ground.
  • Fallout ranges if sizes of sediment, ash, rock.
  • Large pieces of falling tephra damages buildings, kill people.
  • Ash cloud cover area, hard to see.
55
Q

Define MUDFLOWS (Lahars) as a form of a volcanic hazard?

A
  • Material mixes with large amounts of water, flows very quickly (80km/h) up to 10+km long.
  • Can bury or destroy habitats, settlements, infrastructure.
56
Q

Define ACID RAIN as a form of a volcanic hazard?

A
  • Gases react with water vapour in atmosphere, then falls as acid rain.
  • Damages ecosystem, cause stone/metal to erode/deteriorate.
57
Q

Define magnitude in terms of volcanos?

A
  • Volcanic Explosivity Index - grades volcanoes 0-8 amount & height of matieral ejected.
  • Volcanic events range from small, slow lava flows to huge eruptions of lava, ash, gas.
58
Q

Define frequency in terms of volcanoes?

A
  • Volcanoes can erupt from every few months to once every 100,000 years.
  • Less frequent eruptions are usually larger in magnitude.
59
Q

Define randomness vs. regularity? in terms of volcanoes?

A
  • Some volcanoes erupt at very regular intervals, others may be more random.
60
Q

Define predictability in terms of volcanoes?

A
  • The regularity of a volcano erupting helps scientists predict when it might erupt again.
  • Also monitor tiny earthquakes & changes in shape of volcano, which suggests an eruption might happen.
61
Q

Define primary impacts of volcanic eruptions?

A
  • Are a direct result of the eruption

- e.g. people killed by falling tephra

62
Q

Define secondary impacts of volcanic eruptions?

A
  • Occur as a result of the primary impacts

- Pyroclastic flows (nuée ardente) melt glaciers causing flooding.

63
Q

Define social impacts of volcanic eruption?

A
  • People killed, buildings destroyed by pyroclastic flow.
  • Pyroclastic flows (nuée ardente) & lava start fires, damage buildings.
  • Mudflows (Lahars) & flooding cause damage.
64
Q

Define environmental impacts of volcanic eruptions?

A
  • Ecosystems damaged/destroyed.
  • Acid rain cause acidification of aquatic ecosystems, killing plants & animals.
  • Volcanic gases increase enhanced greenhouse effect.
  • Ash clouds reduce sunlight reaching earth, decreasing temperatures.
65
Q

Define economic impacts of volcanic eruptions?

A
  • Destroy businesses, ash cloud prevent aircraft, damage crops.
  • Damaged buildings expensive to repair.
  • Location attracts tourists, boosting economy.
66
Q

Define political impacts of volcanic eruptions?

A
  • Damage agricultural land, food shortages, conflict caused.

- Governments spend money to repair damaged property.

67
Q

Define hazard mitigation?

A

Anything done to reduce severity or impacts of a hazard.

68
Q

Define short-term responses?

A
  • Occur immediately before, during or after the hazard.

- e.g. evacuating people, providing food.

69
Q

Define long-term responses?

A
  • Designed to reduce impacts of future eruptions by managing the risks.
70
Q

Define the 3 categories of long-term responses?
P
P
A

A
  • Prevention
  • Preparedness
  • Adaptation
71
Q

Define PREVENTION as a long-term response for volcanic eruptions?

A
  • Not possible to prevent volcanic eruption.

- Possibly prevent eruption affecting people.

72
Q

Define PREPAREDNESS as a long-term response for volcanic eruptions?

A
  • Plans before eruption to minimise risk/vulnerability.
  • Scientists install monitoring systems to predict eruption & plan for evacuation.
  • Stop people entering area when eruption predicted to erupt.
  • Individuals can find nearest emergency shelter.
  • Communities set up search & rescue/ fire response teams.
73
Q

Define ADAPTATION as a long-term response for volcanic eruptions?

A
  • How people change behaviour to minimise risks.
  • Buildings strengthened reducing collapsing.
  • Capitalise opportunities of living near a volcano e.g. farming, tourism.
74
Q

Define what causes an earthquake?

A
  • Two plates jerk past eachother sending out shockwaves.
  • Shockwaves spread out from the focus.
  • Focus has strongest waves, cause more damage.
  • Epicentre on surface shockwave felt first by people.
75
Q

Define the 3 ways earthquakes can be measured?

A
  • Richter scale = measures magnitude, logarithmic(0-9).
  • Moment magnitude scale (MMS = total amount of energy released, logarithmic, more accurate than Richter scale.
  • Mercalli scale, measures impact using observations of event (1-12).
76
Q

Define the 3 hazards caused by an earthquake?

A
  • Tsunamis
  • Landslides & avalanches
  • Soil Liquefaction
77
Q

Define TSUNAMIS as a hazard caused by an earthquake?

A
  • Large waves caused by the displacement of large volumes of water.
  • Triggered by underwater earthquakes.
  • Stronger if starts near coast.
  • Waves travel very fast, high death toll, little warning.
78
Q

Define LANDSLIDES & AVALANCHES as a hazard caused by an earthquake?

A
  • Shaking of ground dislodges rocks, soil or snow causing landslides or avalanches downslope quickly.
  • High speed movement, little warning.
79
Q

Define SOIL LIQUEFACTION as a hazard caused by an earthquake?

A
  • Soil is saturated with water, vibrations of earthquake cause to act like liquid.
  • Makes soil weaker and subsides where heavy weight on top of it (buildings).
  • Mass destruction.
80
Q

Define the 3 factors which affect the magnitude and nature of an earthquake?
M
R
D

A
  • Margin type
  • Rate of movement
  • Depth of focus
81
Q
  • Biggest earthquakes occur at ____________ margin.

- ___________ margin have lower magnitude earthquakes.

A
  • Biggest earthquakes occur at destructive margin.

- Constructive margin have lower magnitude earthquakes.

82
Q

Define RATE OF MOVEMENT which affects the magnitude and nature of an earthquake?

A
  • Tectonic plates move in relation to each other at different rates (1-15cm per year).
  • No clear relationship between rate of movement and earthquake magnitude.
83
Q

Define DEPTH OF FOCUS which affects the magnitude and nature of an earthquake?

A
  • Focus can be on surface or deep underground.
  • Deep focus earthquakes have higher magnitude than shallow focus’s.
  • Deep focus do less damage - shock waves generated further from surface, so reduced power.
84
Q

Define aspects of low magnitude earthquakes?

A
  • Hundreds of low mag earthquakes occur everyday.
  • Occurrence very random.
  • Scientists monitor tectonic movement to predict areas of risk.
85
Q

Define primary impacts of seismic hazards?

A

Are direct result of the hazard, killed by tsunami, rupture of earth.

86
Q

Define secondary impacts of seismic hazards?

A

Occur as a result of the primary impacts, earthquake break gas pipe, causing fires.

87
Q

Define social impacts of seismic hazards?

A
  • Cause buildings to collapse, killing people.
  • Liquefaction cause gas pipes/power lines to break.
  • Lack of clean water, cause diseases.
  • Tsunamis flood areas, killing people.
88
Q

Define environmental impacts of seismic hazards?

A
  • Industrial buildings damaged, leaks toxic chemicals.
  • Fires started by damaged gas & electricity lines.
  • Tsunamis flood freshwater ecosystems.
  • Kill plants & animals.
89
Q

Define economic impacts of seismic hazards?

A
  • Destroy business premises, ground shaking.
  • Damages economy of region and country.
  • Damage to industry & buildings, expensive repair.
90
Q

Define political impacts of seismic hazards?

A
  • Shortages of food, water, energy (cause conflict).

- Governments borrow money to repair damage, put country in debt.

91
Q

Define PREVENTION as a long-term response for seismic hazards?

A
  • Not possible to prevent seismic hazard.

- Authorities can prevent land prone to liquefaction to be evacuated, build sea walls for tsunami.

92
Q

Define PREPAREDNESS as a long-term response for seismic hazards?

A
  • Install earthquake warning systems.
  • Individuals & businesses have plans how to respond during earthquake - find shelter.
  • Communities set up search & rescue teams.
93
Q

Define ADAPTATION as a long-term response for seismic hazards?

A
  • Buildings designed to withstand earthquakes, using strong flexible materials, foundation absorb energy.
  • Buildings designed to reduce vulnerability to tsunamis, tall strong buildings allow people to escape.
94
Q

Define tropical storms?

A
  • Huge spinning storms, strong winds, heavy rain.
  • Develop over warm water.
  • Air rises & condenses releases energy increases wind speed.
95
Q

Define the 4 conditions needed to form a tropical storm?

A
  • Disturbance near sea-surface triggering storm (low pressure).
  • Sea water above 27oC at least 70m deep.
  • Convergence of air in lower atmosphere, within ITCZ, forces warm air to rise.
  • 5 degrees from equator.
96
Q

Define what happens to the energy of a tropical storm when it goes over land?

A
  • Loses its energy and dies down.

- Moist air is cut off.

97
Q

Define which way tropical storms rotate in each hemisphere?

A
  • Northern hemisphere = spin anticlockwise
  • Southern hemisphere = spin clockwise
  • Centre has low pressure.
  • Rising air spiral around eye from Coriolis effect.
98
Q

Define how a tropical storm is measured?
SSS
W
C

A
  • Saffir-Simpson Scale.
  • Based on wind speed (1-5).
  • Cloud formations can predict tropical storm event.
99
Q

Define the 5 forms storms can come as?

A
  • High winds = 300km/h, destroy buildings.
  • Storm surge = Large rise in sea level, high winds.
  • Heavy rain = as moist air rises, torrential rain.
  • Flooding = Heavy rain, high river discharge overflow.
  • Landslides = Water infiltrate into soil, less stable ground.
100
Q

Define social impacts of tropical storms?

A
  • People drown, injured, killed.
  • Houses destroyed (left homeless).
  • Electricity/gas lines damaged.
  • Flooding causes sewage overflow contamination water, lack of clean water, diseases.
  • Damage to agricultural land.
101
Q

Define political impacts of tropical storms?

A
  • Conflict over food supplies.

- Expensive repairs to buildings, infrastructure.

102
Q

Define economic impacts of tropical storms?

A
  • Buildings & infrastructure expensive to rebuild.
  • Businesses are damaged, can’t trade.
  • Agricultural land damaged, affects trade.
103
Q

Define environmental impacts of tropical storms?

A
  • Beaches eroded, coastal habitats destroyed.
  • Environments are polluted from toxic spills.
  • Landslides block watercourses, change course.
104
Q

Define wildfires?

A
  • Uncontrolable fires that destroy forests, grassland.
  • Occur in rural areas.
  • If reach settlement will destroy buildings.
105
Q

Define the 3 types of wildfires?

A
  • Ground fire = ground itself burns.
  • Surface fire = leaf litter, low-lying vegetation burns.
  • Crown fire = fire moves through canopy of trees.
106
Q

Define the 4 conditions needed for wildfires?

A
  • Vegetation type
  • Fuel characteristics
  • Climate & recent weather
  • Fire behaviour
107
Q

Define VEGETATION TYPE as a condition of a wildfire?

A
  • Thick undergrowth or closely spaced trees.
  • Some trees contain oil, burn more easily.
  • Eucalyptus trees shed bark helps spread fire.
108
Q

Define FUEL CHARACTERISTICS as a condition of a wildfire?

A
  • Fine, dry material catch fire more easily.

- Large amounts of fuel form continuous cover to burn.

109
Q

Define CLIMATE & RECENT WEATHER as a condition of a wildfire?

A
  • More rainfall, more vegetation, more fuel.
  • A distinct dry season.
  • Warm, dry weather causes water to evaporate.
  • Strong winds blows more oxygen to fuel fire.
110
Q

Define FIRE BEHAVIOUR as a condition of a wildfire?

A
  • Creeping fire moves across ground surface slowly.

- Running fire spreads rapidly, more intense.

111
Q

Define the natural causes of a wildfire?

A
  • Lightning particularly likely to start fire.

- Volcanic eruptions can produce hot lava starting fires.

112
Q

Define the human causes of wildfires?

A
  • Can be accidental (dropping cigarettes, campfires, barbecues, fireworks.
  • On purpose (arson) to burn forest.
113
Q

Define social impacts of wildfires?

A
  • People killed, injured.
  • Homes destroyed, left homeless.
  • Damage power lines, reservoirs.
  • Cause health problems (Smoke)
114
Q

Define political impacts of wildfires?

A
  • Governments change forest management practices to reduce risk.
  • Governments face criticism when wildfires have serve impacts.
115
Q

Define economic impacts of wildfires?

A
  • Destroy businesses, loss of jobs & income.
  • Insurance premiums increase.
  • Expensive fighting wildfires.
  • Discourage tourists visiting area, reduce income.
116
Q

Define environmental impacts of wildfires?

A
  • Habitats destroyed, change ecosystem.
  • Soils damaged, remove organic matter.
  • Smoke caused air pollution, contaminates water.
117
Q

Define the short-term responses to wildfires?

A
  • Putting out fire, diverting it away from settlements.
  • Evacuating people.
  • Spraying water.
118
Q

Define the long-term responses to wildfires?

  • prevention
  • preparedness
  • adaptation
A
  • Prevention = public education
  • Preparedness = Emergency plan, supplies, food.
  • Adaptation = Change way people live to cope with incident. Build houses out of non-flammable material.
119
Q

Define the lava type of volcanoes at an ocean ridge?

A

Basaltic lava, low viscosity (very runny)

120
Q

Define the lava type of volcanoes at subduction zones?

A

Andesitic lava, high viscosity (very sticky)

121
Q

Define the volcano type at ocean ridges?

A

Gently sloped, small explosion, more running lava

122
Q

Define the volcano type at a subduction zone?

A

Very steep, massive explosion, lots of pyroclastic flows (nuée ardente) and ash clouds.

123
Q

Define the volcano type at rift valleys?

A

Very explosive and more effusive (spill out lava flows).

124
Q

Define the volcano type at hot spots?

A

Shield curve (not steep)

125
Q

Define the lava type of volcanoes at hot spots?

A

Very runny, low explosion

126
Q

Define the ocean crust underneath the continental crust being melted?

A

Benioff zone

A-LEVEL Geography - OW (6 decks)

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