Chapter 1 - Water & Carbon Cycle - Complete Flashcards
Define inputs?
Energy entering the system
Define outputs?
Energy leaving the system
Define stores?
Energy is stored in the system
Define flows/transfers?
Energy moving around the system
From one store to another
Define boundaries?
Boundary/limit of the system
Define open system?
The system has inputs and outputs of energy
Define closed system?
The system has no inputs or outputs of energy
Define dynamic equilibrium?
There is a balance between the inputs and outputs of energy
Define positive feedback?
When the effects of an action are amplified by other knock-on effects
Define negative feedback?
When the effects of an action are nulllified by other knock-on effects
Define attributes?
Characteristics of the elements that may be perceived and measured
Define relationships?
Associations that occur between elements and attributes
Name the 6 spheres?
- Atmosphere - Air around us
- Lithosphere - Earth/land
- Cryosphere - Ice/glaciers
- Biosphere - Plants/animals
- Hydrosphere - water
- Pedosphere - soil/ground
Define cascading system?
Output of one system is the input of the next system
Solid –> Liquid
Tricky one
melting
Ablation
Liquid –> Solid
Tricky one
Accumulation
Solid –> Gas
Tricky one
Sublimation
Gas –> Solid
Tricky one
Deposition
Gas –> Liquid
Easy one
Condensation
Liquid –> Gas
Easy one
Evaporation
What percentage of freshwater is on earth?
> 3%
What percentage of freshwater is in:
- cryosphere
- groundwater
- liquid freshwater
- Water vapour in atmosphere
- cryosphere - 69%
- groundwater - 30%
- liquid freshwater - 0.3%
- Water vapour in atmosphere - 0.04%
Is the global hydrological system open or closed?
A closed system
Percentage of water stored on earth: Ice caps Groundwater Lakes Soil moisture Atmosphere Swamps Rivers
Ice caps - 69.56% Groundwater - 30.10% Lakes - 0.25% Soil moisture - 0.05% Atmosphere - 0.04% Swamps - 0.03% Rivers - 0.006%
Define drainage basin?
Is an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.
Define the boundary of a drainage basin?
The watershed
Are drainage basins open or closed systems?
Open systems
Define 1 input of water into a drainage basin?
- PRECIPITATION(rain, snow, hail, dew, frost)
Define 5 stores of water in a drainage basin?
- INTERCEPTION (Vegetation intercepts rainfall)
- VEGETATION STORAGE (Water stored in plants)
- SURFACE STORAGE (puddles, ponds, lakes)
- GROUNDWATER (aquifers, water table)
- CHANNEL (river, stream)
Define 10 flows of water in a drainage basin? I S T S T P G B I C
- INFILTRATION (Water soaks into land)
- SURFACE RUN-OFF (Water flowing over the land)
- THROUGHFALL (Water dripping from plant to plant)
- STEMFLOW (Water moving down plant stem)
- THROUGHFLOW (Water moving through ground downhill)
- PERCOLATION (Water seeping through rocks)
- GROUNDWATER FLOW (Water flowing through ground to the watertable)
- BASEFLOW (groundwater flow that feeds into rivers)
- INTERFLOW (Water flowing downhill through permeable rock above water table)
- CHANNEL FLOW (Water flowing through rivers or streams
Define 4 outputs of water in a drainage basin?
- EVAPORATION (Water turning into water vapour)
- TRANSPIRATION (Evaporation within leaves)
- EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (Evaporation & transpiration together)
- RIVER DISCHARGE (River flow)
Define the water balance?
Water in dynamic equilibrium
- Balance of inputs & outputs
- Wet seasons, precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration (WATER SURPLUS)
- Drier seasons, precipitation is lower than evapotranspiration (WATER DEPLETION)
- End of dry season, deficit of water (GROUND STORE RECHARGE)
Name the 4 processes where the magnitude of the stores varies over TIME & SPACE? E C C&P CP
- Evaporation
- Condensation
- Cloud formation & precipitation
- Cryospheric processes
Define EVAPORATION for the magnitude of the stores varies over TIME & SPACE?
- Liquid water changes into gas (water vapour)
- Magnitude of the evaporation flow varies by location and season.
- More solar radiation, large supply of water and warm/dry air, higher evaporation.
- Little solar radiation, little available liquid water and cool air, lower evaporation.
Define CONDENSATION for the magnitude of the stores varies over TIME & SPACE?
- Occurs when water vapour turns to liquid (dew point)
- Water droplets flow into other subsystems, decreases water stored in atmosphere.
- Magnitude of condensation flow depends on amount of water vapour in atmosphere & temperature.
Define CLOUD FORMATION & PRECIPITATION for the magnitude of the stores varies over TIME & SPACE?
- Precipitation is main flow from atmosphere to ground.
- Clouds form when warm air cools down, water vapour condenses to droplets making clouds.
- Water droplets from condensation too small to form clouds. Needs dust/soot to be cloud condensation nuclei. Give water droplets a surface to condense on.
What 3 factors cause warm air to cool, leading to precipitation?
- Other air masses (Warm air less dense than cool air, warm air forces up above cool air. Cools down as it rises. FRONTAL PRECIPITATION)
- Topography (Warm air meets mountains, forced to rise, causing it to cool. OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION)
- Convection (Sun heats the ground, moisture on ground evaporates and rises in column of warm air and cools down. CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION)
Define CRYOSPHERIC PROCESSES for the magnitude of the stores varies over TIME & SPACE?
- Accumulation & ablation change amount of water stored in cryosphere.
- Colder periods, inputs are greater than outputs in cryosphere.
- Warmer periods, magnitude of stores reduces as losses due to melting larger than inputs of snow.
- Earth emerging from glacial period, extensive stores of ice sea ice and on land.
Define river discharge?
Volume of water m^3 that flows in a river per second
Define peak discharge?
Highest point on the hydrograph, when the river discharge is at its greatest.
Define a hydrograph?
Graphs of river discharge over time.
Show volume of water flowing at certain point in time.
Define flood hydrograph?
Shows hydrograph of river discharge around a storm event, only covers short period of time.
Define lag time?
Delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge.
Delay caused from time rainwater flows from ground to the river.
Shorter lag time increases peak discharge as more water gets to river during shorter period of time.
Define rising limb?
Part of hydrograph up to peak discharge.
River discharge increases as rainwater flows into river.
Define falling limb?
Part of hydrograph after peak discharge.
River discharge is decreasing due to less water flowing into the river.
Define the size of a drainage basin?
Larger drainage basins catch more precipitation, have higher peak discharge.
Define the shape of a drainage basin?
Circular basins have flashy hydrograph.
Long/ narrow basins, not flashy hydrograph.
Define ground steepness?
Water flows quicker downhill in steep-sided drainage basins.
Define 4 SEASONAL CHANGES AND VEGETATION physical factors affecting the water cycle?
- Size of inputs, flows, stores in water cycle vary with seasons.
- During winter, water can freeze, reduce the size of flow through drainage basin.
- Vegetation intercepts precipitation and slows movement to river.
- More vegetation means more water lost through evapotranspiration, reducing peak discharge.
Define 4 FARMING PRACTICES human factors affecting the water cycle?
- Ploughing breaks up surface, more water can infiltrate.
- Crops increase infiltration and interception, reduce runoff. Evapotranspiration increases.
- Livestock trample ground, decrease infiltration, increase runoff.
- irrigation increase runoff. Groundwater levels reduced if used for irrigation.
Define 2 LAND USE CHANGES human factors affecting the water cycle?
- Deforestation reduces water being intercepted by vegetation. Decreases infiltration, increases runoff.
- Construction of buildings and roads create impermeable surfaces reducing infiltration. Increases runoff, water moves quicker through system, increased flooding.
Define 2 WATER ABSTRACTION human factors affecting the water cycle?
- More water is abstracted to meet demands and reduces water in stores.
- Dry season more water is abstracted from stores, stores are depleted further.
How is carbon stored in the LITHOSPHERE?
- Sedimentary rocks (limestone)
- Fossil fuels ( coal, oil)
What 2 elements is carbon stored as in the ATMOSPHERE?
- CO2
- CH4
How is carbon stored in the HYDROSPHERE?
- Dissolved in rivers, lakes, oceans
How is carbon stored in the BIOSPHERE?
- Living organisms
- Soil
How is carbon stored in the CRYOSPHERE?
Permafrost
Ice
Is the carbon system open or closed?
Closed system
Define the change in size over time of carbon for PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
- Transfers carbon from atmosphere to biomass.
- Plants & phytoplankton use energy from sun to grow.
- Carbon passed through food chain through respiration & decomposition.
Define the change in size over time of carbon for RESPIRATION?
- transfers carbon from living organisms to atmosphere.
- Plants & animals break down glucose for energy-releasing CO2 & CH4.
Define the change in size over time of carbon for COMBUSTION?
- Transfers carbon in biomass to atmosphere by burning.
- Wildfires causes carbon flow.
Define the change in size over time of carbon for DECOMPOSITION?
- Transfers carbon from dead biomass to atmosphere and the soil.
- Carbon transferred to soil in the form of HUMUS.