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A-LEVEL Geography - OW > Chapter 11 - Resource security - Complete > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Resource security - Complete Flashcards

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1
Q

Define resource?

A

Any aspect of the natural environment that can be used to meet human needs.

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2
Q

Define resource security?

A

The ability of a country to safeguard a reliable and sustainable flow of resources to maintain living standards of its population while ensuring ongoing economic and social development.

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3
Q

What is the Physical, Economic & Geopolitical security?

A 
P = Uninterrupted supply.
E = Affordable.
G = Avoid dependency on another country.
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4
Q

Define stock?

A

Non-renewable; finite supply; can be permanently expended; measured in absolute amounts not rates.

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5
Q

Define flow energy?

A

Renewable; replaced within a sufficiently short time span; measured in annual rates generated.

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6
Q 
Define renewable sources?
And state the 6 energy types?
S
W
H
T
G
B
A 
One that can be used repeatedly and does not run out because it is naturally replaced:
Solar energy.
Wind energy.
Hydro energy.
Tidal energy.
Geothermal energy.
Biomass energy.
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7
Q

Define possible resources?

A

These are resources that are thought to exist but haven’t been sampled yet.

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8
Q

Define inferred resources?

A

These are resources that have been identified but haven’t been measured.

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9
Q

Define indicated reserve?

A

The size of the reserve has been partly measured, and the measurements have been used to estimate the actual extent.

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10
Q

Define measured reserve?

A

The size of the reserve has been measured and is known accurately.

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11
Q 
Define the 5 stages of development?
Explor
Exploi
Dep
Dev
Exh
A
  • Exploration - Location a potential new resource and evaluating.
  • Exploitation - Extracting, preparing & transporting resource.
  • Depletion - Resource begins to run out.
  • Development - As yields decrease, new methods of extraction may be developed to prolong the life of the resource.
  • Exhaustion - Resource becomes limited & not physically possible or economically viable to extract.
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12
Q

Define resource frontier?

A

Is a place with abundant natural resources that are being exploited for the first time.

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13
Q

Define resource peak?

A

The period of highest production of the resource.

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14
Q

Define resource exhaustion?

A

When the resource has been exploited too much and starting to decline.

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15
Q

How do they make flow resources more sustainable?

A
  • Extract it slower

- Reduce amount used

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16
Q

How do they make stock resources more sustainable?

A
  • Extract it slower
  • Less is used as quicky
  • Increasing rates of re-use/recycling
  • Finding alternatives
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17
Q

Why are flow resources more sustainable than stock resources?

A

They can be replenished so is infinite.

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18
Q

Define the steps in planning a new resource development plan?

A
  • Assessing potential impacts (habitats, increased pollution)
  • Identifying how to mitigate any negative impacts.
  • Looking at alternatives.
  • Deciding whether plan goes ahead.
  • Monitoring development
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19
Q

Define abstraction (water)?

A

Removing water from water sources

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20
Q

Define 2 places water can be extracted from?

A
  • Underground (Aquifers)

- Surface water (Rivers, lakes, glaciers, reservoirs)

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21
Q

Define the 3 physical factors controlling water supply?

A
  • Climate
  • Geology
  • Drainage
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22
Q

Define how water supply is affected by the CLIMATE as a physical factor?

A
  • Rely on rainfall for water supply

- Hot climates use water from lakes and rivers due to high evaporation levels - cause water scarcity.

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23
Q

Define GEOLOGY as a physical factor controlling water supply?

A
  • Impermeable rocks allow water to flow through them into rivers.
  • Permeable rocks store rainwater creating aquifers.
  • Some rocks contain salts & minerals which dissolve into the water, making it unsuitable for drinking.
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24
Q

Define DRAINAGE as a physical factor controlling water supply?

A
  • Drainage systems move water from one area to another.
  • Large drainage basins cover more land and will receive more rainfall - increasing supply.
  • Some drainage basins cannot cope with heavy rainfall
  • Can cause sewage systems to overflow affecting water quality.
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25
Q

Define the 3 human factors controlling water supply?

A
  • Increasing demand is reducing supplies.
  • Human activities (farming, industry) can pollute water supplies.
  • Price of water goes up as supply of water decrease.
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26
Q

Define the 4 uses of water?

A
  • Farming
  • Electricity generation
  • Manufacturing
  • Trade
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27
Q 
Define 4 countries with lots of water available?
B
C
N
A
A
  • Brazil
  • Canada
  • New Zealand
  • Australia
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28
Q

Define 2 countries with low amounts of water available?
E
J

A
  • Egypt

- Jordan

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29
Q

Define 3 countries with high demand for water?
U
A
A

A
  • USA
  • Argentina
  • Australia
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30
Q

Define 3 countries with low demand for water?
A
M
P N G

A
  • Angola
  • Mongolia
  • Papua New Guinea
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31
Q

Define 2 reasons why global demand for water is rising?

A
  • Population growth = more people means more water needed.

- Economic development = as countries develop, energy use increases and manufacturing grows using lots of water.

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32
Q

What causes water stress?

A
  • When demand for water exceeds supply available.
  • Usually in high populated areas
  • Usually in hot areas
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33
Q

Define 2 countries with high water availability but low water stress?
B
R

A
  • Brazil

- Russia

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34
Q

Define 2 countries with low water availability but high water stress?
M
I

A
  • Mexico

- India

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35
Q

Define 3 methods of trading water through different countries to ensure everyone has enough water?

A
  • Physical supplies (countries import water from others)
  • Water transfer is moving water
  • Rights to extract water can be bought & sold.
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36
Q

Define 5 examples of water resource distribution causing geopolitical issues?

A
  • Countries with rapid population growth face severe water shortages stunting development.
  • Poorer countries in dry areas can’t afford imports of water or desalination plants.
  • Changes upstream have impacts downstream e.g. dams.
  • Many rivers cross international boundaries causing conflict.
  • Climate change reduces water availability.
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37
Q 
Define the 4 strategies to increase the amount of water available a country has?
W
W
W
D
A
  • Water Diversion & Transfer
  • Water Catchment
  • Water storage
  • Desalination
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38
Q

Define how WATER DIVERSION & TRANSFER as a strategy to increase the amount of water available a country has?

A
  • Water diversion = diverting the course of a river so it flows to a different area.
  • Water transfer = using pipes, tunnels, canals to transport water to areas with low amounts of water.
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39
Q

Define how WATER CATCHMENT as a strategy to increase the amount of water available a country has?

A
  • Means collecting water for use (rainfall).

- Rainwater harvesting (rainwater intercepted when it falls and stored in tanks.

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40
Q

Define WATER STORAGE as a strategy to increase the amount of water available a country has?

A
  • Water stored during times of surplus, enough water in period of deficit.
  • Building dams across river valleys to trap water.
  • Crating reservoirs increase water security - but can drown agricultural land & settlements.
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41
Q

Define DESALINATION as a strategy to increase the amount of water available a country has?

A
  • Removal of salt from seawater so used as a water source.

- It’s heated and evaporated, then cooled to form clean water.

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42
Q

Define how domestic and businesses manage to reduce water consumption?

A
  • Shower instead of bath.
  • Install displacement bag in toilet to reduce water used.
  • Buying water-efficient washing machine & dishwasher.
  • Water metre fitted.
  • Fix leaks to minimise water lost.
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43
Q

Define how agricultural manage to reduce water consumption?

A
  • Farmers install drip pipes to plants stems.

- Water crops early in morning to reduce evaporation.

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44
Q

Define 3 management systems to sustainably ensure water security environmently?

A
  • Recycling & ‘Greywater’
  • Virtual water table
  • Groundwater management
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45
Q

Define RECYCLING & ‘GREYWATER’ as a management system to sustainably ensure water security?

A
  • Recycling water by treating used water to reuse it.
  • Recycled water used for irrigation, industry, power plants, toilet flushing.
  • ‘Greywater’ type of recycled water - wastewater.
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46
Q

Define VIRTUAL WATER TABLE as a management system to sustainably ensure water security?

A
  • Virtual water is water that has been used in the production of something.
  • When products traded between countries, virtual water is traded aswell.
  • Products that require lots of water to produce come from countries with water stress.
47
Q

Define GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT as a management system to sustainably ensure water security?

A
  • Groundwater managed to make its quantity & quality conserved.
  • Amount extracted is monitored to keep dynamic equilibrium.
  • Farmers encouraged to apply less artificial fertiliser & pesticides to farmland.
  • Injection wells allow water to be piped back into depleted aquifers.
  • Infiltration structures are water-filled basin to fill up aquifers.
48
Q

Define some aspects of the South-North Water Transfer Project?

A
  • $62 billion scheme intended to increase water insecurity in China.
  • Involves tunnels & canals to divert 45 billion cubic metres of water every year from Yangtze River (South) to the Yellow River (North).
  • 2/3 routes completed.
49
Q

Define 3 environmental impacts with the South-North Water Transfer Project?

A
  • Danjiangkou dam raised water level +15m to hold more water, flooding more land, destroyed habitats.
  • Increasing dam height reduced velocity downstream increasing algae growth causing plants in river to die.
  • Water polluted during transfer toxic to plants & animals, release CO2.
50
Q

Define 3 environmental impacts predicted by scientists at the South-North Water Transfer Project?

A
  • Decreased flow speeds near Yangtze Delta may change which species thrive there.
  • Reduced water flow into Yangtze Delta lead to salt intrusion (seawater mixes with river water upstream).
  • Wetlands become drier, drylands to north become wetter as water moves. Affect habitats & change species living there.
51
Q

Define water conflicts between countries?

A

When different groups share same water supply & water demand exceeds supply.

  • Water supplies decrease
  • Water demand increase
52
Q

Define water conflict on a local scale?

Case study involved

A
  • Coca Cola factory in India facing water conflict between Coca Cola & local people.
  • Droughts increased water stress, led to shortages of drinking water & irrigating crops.
  • Local people claim factory making problem worse.
  • Local authorities tried to stop factory extracting so much groundwater.
  • Coca Cola made a deal to extract 75% less water.
53
Q

Define water conflict on a national scale?

Case study involved

A
  • Yemen has high water stress.
  • Conflict of water availability from rural communities with urban areas (violence, protests).
  • The government made law requiring landowners to get licence to drill & maintain wells.
  • In 2009, government tried to restrict the cultivation of at (leaf chewed by population) qat plants used 30% irrigation water.
54
Q

Define water conflict on an international scale?

A
  • Nile River source of water for countries in north east Africa. Conflict between downstream countries as upstream countries wants to use more water.
  • In 2011, Ethiopia started to build Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam near border with Sudan making hydroelectric power.
55
Q

Define how water futures are affected by TECHNOLOGICAL developments?
Increasing water supply
Technology
Reducing waste water

A
  • Increasing water supply - improvements to desalination.
  • Appropriate technology - in arid countries, sand dams trap water.
  • Reducing water waste - nanotechnology used to purify polluted water.
56
Q

Define how water futures are affected by ECONOMIC developments in countries with higher economic development?

A
  • More economically developed countries used more water per person.
  • More developed countries can afford technology & infrastructure to obtain more water.
57
Q

Define how water futures are affected by ENVIRONMENTAL developments in terms of climate change, water management and integrated catchment areas?

A
  • Climate change - dry areas likely to become drier & wetter areas wetter.
  • Water management strategies need to happen.
  • Integrated catchment management - looking at all aspects of river catchment for sustainability.
58
Q

Define how water futures are affected by POLITICAL developments?

A
  • Cooperation - Countries with abundant water supplies help other countries.
  • Agreements between countries over water trade.
  • Policies - government policies can encourage people to use less water, water meter installation.
59
Q

Define the 4 main types of energy sources?

A
  • Fossil fuels (Coal, Oil, Gas)
  • Renewable energy (Wind, Water, Solar)
  • Nuclear energy (Splitting uranium atoms)
  • Biomass (Wood, Plants, Animal waste)
60
Q

Define primary energy?

A

Is released from a direct source as it naturally occurs.

e.g. burning coal generates heat.

61
Q

Define secondary energy?

A

When primary energy is converted it become secondary energy.

e.g thermal power station may use coal to generate heat then makes electricity.

62
Q

Define the 5 demands for energy?

A
  • Residential (In homes)
  • Industrial (In factories, warehouses for machinery)
  • Agricultural (Greenhouses, irrigation pumps)
  • Services (Shops, banks, schools, hotels, hospitals)
  • Transport (Fuel vehicles)
63
Q

Define 2 countries with large oil reserves?
C
S A

A
  • China

- Saudia Arabia

64
Q

Define 2 countries with large coal reserves?
C
A

A
  • China

- Australia

65
Q

Define 3 countries with large oil & gas reserves?
U
R
C

A
  • UK
  • Russia
  • Canada
66
Q

Define 2 countries with large coal, oil & gas reserves?
U
I

A
  • USA

- Indonesia

67
Q

Define a country with large oil reserves but is politically unstable and lacks money?
A

A
  • Angola
68
Q

Define a country that is relatively wealthy but has small fossil fuel reserves?
S

A
  • Spain
69
Q

Define the trend in GDP and energy consumptions?

A
  • Wealthy countries tend to consume more energy per person, can afford it.
  • Poorer countries consume less energy per person, cannot afford it.
70
Q

Define how energy supply is affected by the climate?

A
  • Wind ( only generated in areas with 5.5m/s wind speed)
  • Hydroelectric power (relies on large flows of water)
  • Solar (Generated from sunlight, areas with minimal clouds)
71
Q

Define how energy supply is affected by the geology?

A
  • Coal (Sedimentary rock, forms when plants burial and heat. Most change is highest quality, lowest change is lower quality)
  • Oil & natural gases (organic-rich rocks buried, heated & compressed. Gas forms at higher temps, deeper underground)
72
Q

Define how energy supply is affected by the drainage?

A
  • Drainage network of a country (number of rivers & size & shape of drainage basins)
  • HEP generation most effective if large volume of water flowing.
73
Q

Define how energy production and use affects the relationships between countries?

A
  • Countries which produce a lot of a certain type of energy may form alliances (organisations).
  • As energy resources are unevenly distributed around the world, conflict occurs over resources.
74
Q 
Define the energy mix in the UK?
Oil
Gas
Coal
Renewables
Nuclear
A
  • Gas = 34%
  • Oil = 33%
  • Coal = 13%
  • Nuclear = 10%
  • Renewables = 8%
75
Q

Define the energy mix in Nigeria?
Biomass & waste
Oil
Gas

A
  • Biomass & waste = 81%
  • Gas = 11%
  • Oil = 8%
76
Q

Define how energy production and consumption is distributed?

A

Unevenly distributed - energy needs to be transferred between countries, increasing links between them.

77
Q 
Define the 4 categories of which different countries have priority for?
P
E vs D
E S
P I
A
  • Price
  • Environment vs development
  • Energy security
  • Political instability
78
Q

Define PRICE as a category of which different countries may priorities?

A
  • Country selling the energy will want to change as much as possible.
  • Influences potential markets for an energy resource.
79
Q

Define ENVIRONMENT VS DEVELOPMENT as a category of which different countries may priorities?

A
  • Many countries exploit energy resources in order to increase economic development.
  • Exploitation can damage environment.
80
Q

Define ENERGY SECURITY as a category of which different countries may prioritise?

A
  • Countries with high energy consumption pressure countries with large natural resources to develop & exploit them in order to meet their energy demands.
81
Q

Define POLITICAL INSTABILITY as a category of which different countries may prioritise?

A
  • Countries avoid becoming dependant on countries that have an unstable government, as conflict interrupts supply of energy resources.
82
Q

Define how energy TNC’s are involved in energy supply?

A
  • Bp involved in oil & gas exploration & production worldwide - 3 million barrels of oil daily in 2016.
  • Cruide oil transported to refineries - refined 1.7 million barrels daily in 2016.
  • Bp has 18,000 retail outlets.
83
Q

Define 3 startergies to increasing enegry supply?

A
  • Oil & gas exploration
  • Nuclear power
  • Renewable resources
84
Q

Define how oil & gas exploration can increase energy supply?

A
  • In 2014 81% energy used worldwide from fossil fuels.
  • Fracking to extract natural gases from shale.
  • Oil extracted from tar sands.
85
Q

Define how nuclear power can increase energy supply?

A
  • Has low CO2 emissions.
  • Disposing waste can be difficult.
  • In 2014 nuclear power provided 5% worlds energy.
  • Research into improving nuclear power production.
86
Q

Define how renewable resources can increase energy supply?

A
  • Decreased reliance on fossil fuels.
  • More sustainable, won’t run out.
  • Being encouraged to use renewables by financial support schemes.
87
Q

Define 4 strategies humans at home/work can do to manage energy consumption?

A
  • Install double glazing windows
  • Install energy-efficient boilers
  • Factories reuse heat waste
  • Electric cars
88
Q

Define 3 impacts production, trade and consumption have on people and the environment?

A
  • Acid rain
  • Enhanced greenhouse effect
  • Nuclear waste
89
Q

Define how ACID RAIN impacts the environment from production, trade and consumption of energy?

A
  • Burning fossil fuels release gases, dissolve into water vapour, falls as acid rain.
  • Kills fish (aquatic life)
  • Reduces nutrient in soil
  • Corroding rocks
90
Q

Define ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT impacts the environment from production, trade and consumption of energy?

A
  • CO2 & methane released into atmosphere.
  • Rising sea levels
  • More frequent storm events
  • Habitat loss
  • Change in agriculture
91
Q

Define how NUCLEAR WASTE impacts the environment from production, trade and consumption of energy?

A
  • High-level of radiation
  • Contamination of large areas, human, animals & plants die.
  • Very expensive to properly dispose of waste.
  • No deep underground stores used yet.
92
Q

Define how depletion and environmental impacts of fossil fuels will stop the use of non-renewables?

A
  • Fossil fuels are finite, reserves depleting rapidly.

- Climate change, air pollution and ocean acidification getting very bad.

93
Q

Define how TECHNOLOGICAL developments will affect future energy supply?

A
  • Improving traditional renewable energy source
  • Developing new renewable sources
  • Improving nuclear power
  • Reducing energy consumption
94
Q

Define how ECONOMIC developments will affect future energy supply?

A
  • Energy costs

- Carbon markets

95
Q

Define how ENVIRONMENTAL developments will affect future energy supply?

A
  • Public opinion

- Climate change

96
Q

Define how POLITICAL developments will affect future energy supply?

A
  • Instability & conflict

- Global commons

97
Q

Define what ore minerals are used for?

A
  • Ore minerals mined to produce metals (lead, iron, tin, gold)
  • Distribution of ore minerals unevenly distributed.
  • Consumption varies around world, depends on wealth.
98
Q

Define what affects the supply and demand of mineral ores in a country?

A
  • Poor countries can’t afford ore minerals, hinder economic development.
  • Can be obtained illegally, slave labour.
  • Can cause conflict between countries.
  • Some reserves are in global commons under pressure.
99
Q

Define how TECHNOLOGICAL developments will affect alternative possible futures for mineral ores?

A
  • Exploration of finding more minerals.

- Extraction with more efficient machinery.

100
Q

Define how ECONOMIC will affect alternative possible futures for mineral ores?

A
  • If supply falls, demand increases.

- Recycling of minerals is limited by economic cost.

101
Q

Define how ENVIRONMENTAL developments will affect alternative possible futures for mineral ores?

A
  • Resource frontiers depleting resources exploit resource frontier.
  • Fragile environments are exploited.
  • Conflict between TNC’s & governments pushing economic development.
102
Q

Define how POLITICAL developments will affect alternative possible futures for mineral ores?

A
  • Conflict over ore minerals may increase search for new reserves.
  • Governments & TNC’s being forced to recognise rights of indigenous people.
103
Q

Define a case study for the concept of a resource frontier?

A

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

104
Q

Define a case study for the geopolitics of energy resource distributions, trade and management?

A

Russia & Ukraine
Organisation of Petroleum
Exporting countries - Chokepoints (Strait of Hormuz)

105
Q

Define a case study for the geopolitics of ore mineral resource distributions, trade and management?

A

The Democratic Republic of the Congo, China & UN

106
Q

Define a case study for the geopolitics of water resource distributions, trade and management?

A

Coca Cola in Southern India

107
Q

Define a case study of water conflicts on a:

  • Local scale
  • National scale
  • International scale
A
  • Local scale = Coca Cola in Southern India
  • National scale = Yeman
  • International scale = Tigris - Euphrates OR Nile river
108
Q

Define a case study of strategies to manage water consumption (including reducing demand)?

A

Cape town ‘Day Zero’

109
Q

Define a case study for water & energy resource issues?

A

Jordan Basin Water Resource (WATER)

Niger Delta in Nigeria (ENERGY)

110
Q 
Define a case study 4 places for the components of demand & energy mixes in contrasting settings?
N
I
F
U
A
  • Nigeria
  • Iceland
  • France
  • UK
111
Q

Define a case study for the energy supplies in a globalising world?

A

Royal Dutch Shell (TNC)

112
Q

Define a case study for the environmental impacts of a major energy resource development scheme?

A

Prudhoe Bay - Alaska

Athabasca Oil Sands - Canada

113
Q

Define a case study for the environmental impacts of a major mineral resource development scheme?

A

Grasberg mine - Indonesia

114
Q

Define a case study for how the physical environment affects costs, availability for water, energy and mineral ore?

A

Mexico City (WATER)

A-LEVEL Geography - OW (6 decks)

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