Chapter 11 - Resource security - Complete Flashcards
Define resource?
Any aspect of the natural environment that can be used to meet human needs.
Define resource security?
The ability of a country to safeguard a reliable and sustainable flow of resources to maintain living standards of its population while ensuring ongoing economic and social development.
What is the Physical, Economic & Geopolitical security?
P = Uninterrupted supply. E = Affordable. G = Avoid dependency on another country.
Define stock?
Non-renewable; finite supply; can be permanently expended; measured in absolute amounts not rates.
Define flow energy?
Renewable; replaced within a sufficiently short time span; measured in annual rates generated.
Define renewable sources? And state the 6 energy types? S W H T G B
One that can be used repeatedly and does not run out because it is naturally replaced: Solar energy. Wind energy. Hydro energy. Tidal energy. Geothermal energy. Biomass energy.
Define possible resources?
These are resources that are thought to exist but haven’t been sampled yet.
Define inferred resources?
These are resources that have been identified but haven’t been measured.
Define indicated reserve?
The size of the reserve has been partly measured, and the measurements have been used to estimate the actual extent.
Define measured reserve?
The size of the reserve has been measured and is known accurately.
Define the 5 stages of development? Explor Exploi Dep Dev Exh
- Exploration - Location a potential new resource and evaluating.
- Exploitation - Extracting, preparing & transporting resource.
- Depletion - Resource begins to run out.
- Development - As yields decrease, new methods of extraction may be developed to prolong the life of the resource.
- Exhaustion - Resource becomes limited & not physically possible or economically viable to extract.
Define resource frontier?
Is a place with abundant natural resources that are being exploited for the first time.
Define resource peak?
The period of highest production of the resource.
Define resource exhaustion?
When the resource has been exploited too much and starting to decline.
How do they make flow resources more sustainable?
- Extract it slower
- Reduce amount used
How do they make stock resources more sustainable?
- Extract it slower
- Less is used as quicky
- Increasing rates of re-use/recycling
- Finding alternatives
Why are flow resources more sustainable than stock resources?
They can be replenished so is infinite.
Define the steps in planning a new resource development plan?
- Assessing potential impacts (habitats, increased pollution)
- Identifying how to mitigate any negative impacts.
- Looking at alternatives.
- Deciding whether plan goes ahead.
- Monitoring development
Define abstraction (water)?
Removing water from water sources
Define 2 places water can be extracted from?
- Underground (Aquifers)
- Surface water (Rivers, lakes, glaciers, reservoirs)
Define the 3 physical factors controlling water supply?
- Climate
- Geology
- Drainage
Define how water supply is affected by the CLIMATE as a physical factor?
- Rely on rainfall for water supply
- Hot climates use water from lakes and rivers due to high evaporation levels - cause water scarcity.
Define GEOLOGY as a physical factor controlling water supply?
- Impermeable rocks allow water to flow through them into rivers.
- Permeable rocks store rainwater creating aquifers.
- Some rocks contain salts & minerals which dissolve into the water, making it unsuitable for drinking.
Define DRAINAGE as a physical factor controlling water supply?
- Drainage systems move water from one area to another.
- Large drainage basins cover more land and will receive more rainfall - increasing supply.
- Some drainage basins cannot cope with heavy rainfall
- Can cause sewage systems to overflow affecting water quality.
Define the 3 human factors controlling water supply?
- Increasing demand is reducing supplies.
- Human activities (farming, industry) can pollute water supplies.
- Price of water goes up as supply of water decrease.
Define the 4 uses of water?
- Farming
- Electricity generation
- Manufacturing
- Trade
Define 4 countries with lots of water available? B C N A
- Brazil
- Canada
- New Zealand
- Australia
Define 2 countries with low amounts of water available?
E
J
- Egypt
- Jordan
Define 3 countries with high demand for water?
U
A
A
- USA
- Argentina
- Australia
Define 3 countries with low demand for water?
A
M
P N G
- Angola
- Mongolia
- Papua New Guinea
Define 2 reasons why global demand for water is rising?
- Population growth = more people means more water needed.
- Economic development = as countries develop, energy use increases and manufacturing grows using lots of water.
What causes water stress?
- When demand for water exceeds supply available.
- Usually in high populated areas
- Usually in hot areas
Define 2 countries with high water availability but low water stress?
B
R
- Brazil
- Russia
Define 2 countries with low water availability but high water stress?
M
I
- Mexico
- India
Define 3 methods of trading water through different countries to ensure everyone has enough water?
- Physical supplies (countries import water from others)
- Water transfer is moving water
- Rights to extract water can be bought & sold.
Define 5 examples of water resource distribution causing geopolitical issues?
- Countries with rapid population growth face severe water shortages stunting development.
- Poorer countries in dry areas can’t afford imports of water or desalination plants.
- Changes upstream have impacts downstream e.g. dams.
- Many rivers cross international boundaries causing conflict.
- Climate change reduces water availability.
Define the 4 strategies to increase the amount of water available a country has? W W W D
- Water Diversion & Transfer
- Water Catchment
- Water storage
- Desalination
Define how WATER DIVERSION & TRANSFER as a strategy to increase the amount of water available a country has?
- Water diversion = diverting the course of a river so it flows to a different area.
- Water transfer = using pipes, tunnels, canals to transport water to areas with low amounts of water.
Define how WATER CATCHMENT as a strategy to increase the amount of water available a country has?
- Means collecting water for use (rainfall).
- Rainwater harvesting (rainwater intercepted when it falls and stored in tanks.
Define WATER STORAGE as a strategy to increase the amount of water available a country has?
- Water stored during times of surplus, enough water in period of deficit.
- Building dams across river valleys to trap water.
- Crating reservoirs increase water security - but can drown agricultural land & settlements.
Define DESALINATION as a strategy to increase the amount of water available a country has?
- Removal of salt from seawater so used as a water source.
- It’s heated and evaporated, then cooled to form clean water.
Define how domestic and businesses manage to reduce water consumption?
- Shower instead of bath.
- Install displacement bag in toilet to reduce water used.
- Buying water-efficient washing machine & dishwasher.
- Water metre fitted.
- Fix leaks to minimise water lost.
Define how agricultural manage to reduce water consumption?
- Farmers install drip pipes to plants stems.
- Water crops early in morning to reduce evaporation.
Define 3 management systems to sustainably ensure water security environmently?
- Recycling & ‘Greywater’
- Virtual water table
- Groundwater management
Define RECYCLING & ‘GREYWATER’ as a management system to sustainably ensure water security?
- Recycling water by treating used water to reuse it.
- Recycled water used for irrigation, industry, power plants, toilet flushing.
- ‘Greywater’ type of recycled water - wastewater.
Define VIRTUAL WATER TABLE as a management system to sustainably ensure water security?
- Virtual water is water that has been used in the production of something.
- When products traded between countries, virtual water is traded aswell.
- Products that require lots of water to produce come from countries with water stress.
Define GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT as a management system to sustainably ensure water security?
- Groundwater managed to make its quantity & quality conserved.
- Amount extracted is monitored to keep dynamic equilibrium.
- Farmers encouraged to apply less artificial fertiliser & pesticides to farmland.
- Injection wells allow water to be piped back into depleted aquifers.
- Infiltration structures are water-filled basin to fill up aquifers.
Define some aspects of the South-North Water Transfer Project?
- $62 billion scheme intended to increase water insecurity in China.
- Involves tunnels & canals to divert 45 billion cubic metres of water every year from Yangtze River (South) to the Yellow River (North).
- 2/3 routes completed.
Define 3 environmental impacts with the South-North Water Transfer Project?
- Danjiangkou dam raised water level +15m to hold more water, flooding more land, destroyed habitats.
- Increasing dam height reduced velocity downstream increasing algae growth causing plants in river to die.
- Water polluted during transfer toxic to plants & animals, release CO2.
Define 3 environmental impacts predicted by scientists at the South-North Water Transfer Project?
- Decreased flow speeds near Yangtze Delta may change which species thrive there.
- Reduced water flow into Yangtze Delta lead to salt intrusion (seawater mixes with river water upstream).
- Wetlands become drier, drylands to north become wetter as water moves. Affect habitats & change species living there.
Define water conflicts between countries?
When different groups share same water supply & water demand exceeds supply.
- Water supplies decrease
- Water demand increase
Define water conflict on a local scale?
Case study involved
- Coca Cola factory in India facing water conflict between Coca Cola & local people.
- Droughts increased water stress, led to shortages of drinking water & irrigating crops.
- Local people claim factory making problem worse.
- Local authorities tried to stop factory extracting so much groundwater.
- Coca Cola made a deal to extract 75% less water.
Define water conflict on a national scale?
Case study involved
- Yemen has high water stress.
- Conflict of water availability from rural communities with urban areas (violence, protests).
- The government made law requiring landowners to get licence to drill & maintain wells.
- In 2009, government tried to restrict the cultivation of at (leaf chewed by population) qat plants used 30% irrigation water.
Define water conflict on an international scale?
- Nile River source of water for countries in north east Africa. Conflict between downstream countries as upstream countries wants to use more water.
- In 2011, Ethiopia started to build Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam near border with Sudan making hydroelectric power.
Define how water futures are affected by TECHNOLOGICAL developments?
Increasing water supply
Technology
Reducing waste water
- Increasing water supply - improvements to desalination.
- Appropriate technology - in arid countries, sand dams trap water.
- Reducing water waste - nanotechnology used to purify polluted water.
Define how water futures are affected by ECONOMIC developments in countries with higher economic development?
- More economically developed countries used more water per person.
- More developed countries can afford technology & infrastructure to obtain more water.
Define how water futures are affected by ENVIRONMENTAL developments in terms of climate change, water management and integrated catchment areas?
- Climate change - dry areas likely to become drier & wetter areas wetter.
- Water management strategies need to happen.
- Integrated catchment management - looking at all aspects of river catchment for sustainability.
Define how water futures are affected by POLITICAL developments?
- Cooperation - Countries with abundant water supplies help other countries.
- Agreements between countries over water trade.
- Policies - government policies can encourage people to use less water, water meter installation.
Define the 4 main types of energy sources?
- Fossil fuels (Coal, Oil, Gas)
- Renewable energy (Wind, Water, Solar)
- Nuclear energy (Splitting uranium atoms)
- Biomass (Wood, Plants, Animal waste)
Define primary energy?
Is released from a direct source as it naturally occurs.
e.g. burning coal generates heat.
Define secondary energy?
When primary energy is converted it become secondary energy.
e.g thermal power station may use coal to generate heat then makes electricity.
Define the 5 demands for energy?
- Residential (In homes)
- Industrial (In factories, warehouses for machinery)
- Agricultural (Greenhouses, irrigation pumps)
- Services (Shops, banks, schools, hotels, hospitals)
- Transport (Fuel vehicles)
Define 2 countries with large oil reserves?
C
S A
- China
- Saudia Arabia
Define 2 countries with large coal reserves?
C
A
- China
- Australia
Define 3 countries with large oil & gas reserves?
U
R
C
- UK
- Russia
- Canada
Define 2 countries with large coal, oil & gas reserves?
U
I
- USA
- Indonesia
Define a country with large oil reserves but is politically unstable and lacks money?
A
- Angola
Define a country that is relatively wealthy but has small fossil fuel reserves?
S
- Spain
Define the trend in GDP and energy consumptions?
- Wealthy countries tend to consume more energy per person, can afford it.
- Poorer countries consume less energy per person, cannot afford it.
Define how energy supply is affected by the climate?
- Wind ( only generated in areas with 5.5m/s wind speed)
- Hydroelectric power (relies on large flows of water)
- Solar (Generated from sunlight, areas with minimal clouds)
Define how energy supply is affected by the geology?
- Coal (Sedimentary rock, forms when plants burial and heat. Most change is highest quality, lowest change is lower quality)
- Oil & natural gases (organic-rich rocks buried, heated & compressed. Gas forms at higher temps, deeper underground)
Define how energy supply is affected by the drainage?
- Drainage network of a country (number of rivers & size & shape of drainage basins)
- HEP generation most effective if large volume of water flowing.
Define how energy production and use affects the relationships between countries?
- Countries which produce a lot of a certain type of energy may form alliances (organisations).
- As energy resources are unevenly distributed around the world, conflict occurs over resources.
Define the energy mix in the UK? Oil Gas Coal Renewables Nuclear
- Gas = 34%
- Oil = 33%
- Coal = 13%
- Nuclear = 10%
- Renewables = 8%
Define the energy mix in Nigeria?
Biomass & waste
Oil
Gas
- Biomass & waste = 81%
- Gas = 11%
- Oil = 8%
Define how energy production and consumption is distributed?
Unevenly distributed - energy needs to be transferred between countries, increasing links between them.
Define the 4 categories of which different countries have priority for? P E vs D E S P I
- Price
- Environment vs development
- Energy security
- Political instability
Define PRICE as a category of which different countries may priorities?
- Country selling the energy will want to change as much as possible.
- Influences potential markets for an energy resource.
Define ENVIRONMENT VS DEVELOPMENT as a category of which different countries may priorities?
- Many countries exploit energy resources in order to increase economic development.
- Exploitation can damage environment.
Define ENERGY SECURITY as a category of which different countries may prioritise?
- Countries with high energy consumption pressure countries with large natural resources to develop & exploit them in order to meet their energy demands.
Define POLITICAL INSTABILITY as a category of which different countries may prioritise?
- Countries avoid becoming dependant on countries that have an unstable government, as conflict interrupts supply of energy resources.
Define how energy TNC’s are involved in energy supply?
- Bp involved in oil & gas exploration & production worldwide - 3 million barrels of oil daily in 2016.
- Cruide oil transported to refineries - refined 1.7 million barrels daily in 2016.
- Bp has 18,000 retail outlets.
Define 3 startergies to increasing enegry supply?
- Oil & gas exploration
- Nuclear power
- Renewable resources
Define how oil & gas exploration can increase energy supply?
- In 2014 81% energy used worldwide from fossil fuels.
- Fracking to extract natural gases from shale.
- Oil extracted from tar sands.
Define how nuclear power can increase energy supply?
- Has low CO2 emissions.
- Disposing waste can be difficult.
- In 2014 nuclear power provided 5% worlds energy.
- Research into improving nuclear power production.
Define how renewable resources can increase energy supply?
- Decreased reliance on fossil fuels.
- More sustainable, won’t run out.
- Being encouraged to use renewables by financial support schemes.
Define 4 strategies humans at home/work can do to manage energy consumption?
- Install double glazing windows
- Install energy-efficient boilers
- Factories reuse heat waste
- Electric cars
Define 3 impacts production, trade and consumption have on people and the environment?
- Acid rain
- Enhanced greenhouse effect
- Nuclear waste
Define how ACID RAIN impacts the environment from production, trade and consumption of energy?
- Burning fossil fuels release gases, dissolve into water vapour, falls as acid rain.
- Kills fish (aquatic life)
- Reduces nutrient in soil
- Corroding rocks
Define ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT impacts the environment from production, trade and consumption of energy?
- CO2 & methane released into atmosphere.
- Rising sea levels
- More frequent storm events
- Habitat loss
- Change in agriculture
Define how NUCLEAR WASTE impacts the environment from production, trade and consumption of energy?
- High-level of radiation
- Contamination of large areas, human, animals & plants die.
- Very expensive to properly dispose of waste.
- No deep underground stores used yet.
Define how depletion and environmental impacts of fossil fuels will stop the use of non-renewables?
- Fossil fuels are finite, reserves depleting rapidly.
- Climate change, air pollution and ocean acidification getting very bad.
Define how TECHNOLOGICAL developments will affect future energy supply?
- Improving traditional renewable energy source
- Developing new renewable sources
- Improving nuclear power
- Reducing energy consumption
Define how ECONOMIC developments will affect future energy supply?
- Energy costs
- Carbon markets
Define how ENVIRONMENTAL developments will affect future energy supply?
- Public opinion
- Climate change
Define how POLITICAL developments will affect future energy supply?
- Instability & conflict
- Global commons
Define what ore minerals are used for?
- Ore minerals mined to produce metals (lead, iron, tin, gold)
- Distribution of ore minerals unevenly distributed.
- Consumption varies around world, depends on wealth.
Define what affects the supply and demand of mineral ores in a country?
- Poor countries can’t afford ore minerals, hinder economic development.
- Can be obtained illegally, slave labour.
- Can cause conflict between countries.
- Some reserves are in global commons under pressure.
Define how TECHNOLOGICAL developments will affect alternative possible futures for mineral ores?
- Exploration of finding more minerals.
- Extraction with more efficient machinery.
Define how ECONOMIC will affect alternative possible futures for mineral ores?
- If supply falls, demand increases.
- Recycling of minerals is limited by economic cost.
Define how ENVIRONMENTAL developments will affect alternative possible futures for mineral ores?
- Resource frontiers depleting resources exploit resource frontier.
- Fragile environments are exploited.
- Conflict between TNC’s & governments pushing economic development.
Define how POLITICAL developments will affect alternative possible futures for mineral ores?
- Conflict over ore minerals may increase search for new reserves.
- Governments & TNC’s being forced to recognise rights of indigenous people.
Define a case study for the concept of a resource frontier?
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
Define a case study for the geopolitics of energy resource distributions, trade and management?
Russia & Ukraine
Organisation of Petroleum
Exporting countries - Chokepoints (Strait of Hormuz)
Define a case study for the geopolitics of ore mineral resource distributions, trade and management?
The Democratic Republic of the Congo, China & UN
Define a case study for the geopolitics of water resource distributions, trade and management?
Coca Cola in Southern India
Define a case study of water conflicts on a:
- Local scale
- National scale
- International scale
- Local scale = Coca Cola in Southern India
- National scale = Yeman
- International scale = Tigris - Euphrates OR Nile river
Define a case study of strategies to manage water consumption (including reducing demand)?
Cape town ‘Day Zero’
Define a case study for water & energy resource issues?
Jordan Basin Water Resource (WATER)
Niger Delta in Nigeria (ENERGY)
Define a case study 4 places for the components of demand & energy mixes in contrasting settings? N I F U
- Nigeria
- Iceland
- France
- UK
Define a case study for the energy supplies in a globalising world?
Royal Dutch Shell (TNC)
Define a case study for the environmental impacts of a major energy resource development scheme?
Prudhoe Bay - Alaska
Athabasca Oil Sands - Canada
Define a case study for the environmental impacts of a major mineral resource development scheme?
Grasberg mine - Indonesia
Define a case study for how the physical environment affects costs, availability for water, energy and mineral ore?
Mexico City (WATER)
