Chapter 5 Exam II Flashcards
If a bug is in your nose, which part of the filtration system will be at work?
Large particle filter
Which part of the filtration system will be used to clear dust and pollen?
Medium particle filter
Which part of the filtration system will be active in removing bacteria and viruses?
Small particle filter
What is the surface epithelium type of the vestibule in the nasal cavity?
Keratinized stratified squamous
In which part of the nasal cavity will vibrissae be present?
Vestibule
Which surface epithelium will be present in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?
Respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar)
The mucociliary apparatus consists of _____, and is a part of which filter?
Goblet cells and ciliated columnar cells; medium particle filter
Which products are produced by seromucous glands?
Lysozyme (anti-bacterial), interferons (anti-viral), cytokines (stimulates defensive cells) and air humidity
What type of surface epithelium makes up the olfactory region?
Olfactory epithelium w/ supporting and basal cells and olfactory neurons
Which epithelial type predominates in paranasal sinuses?
Repiratory epithelium
What possible problem is present in regards to LP in the paranasal cavity?
Ostia are small, so if LP swells, ostia is blocked and sinus infection thrives
What are the three subdivisions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
The superior subdivision of the pharynx.
Nasopharynx
The middle subdivision of the pharynx.
Oropharynx
The inferior subdivision of the pharynx.
Laryngopharynx
Which surface epithelium is present in the nasopharynx?
Respiratory epithelium
Which type of surface epithelium is present in the oropharynx?
Stratified squamous
Which surface epithelium predominates in the laryngopharynx?
Stratified squamous
Which tonsils are present in the nasopharynx?
Pharyngeal tonsils
Which tonsils are present in the oropharynx?
Palatine and lingual tonsils
Which subdivision of the pharynx has no tonsils present?
Laryngopharynx
Which fascia is present in the submucosa of the pharynx?
Pharyngobasilar fascia
What are the two unique features about the muscularis externa of the pharynx?
All skeletal muscle and reversed pattern (usually inner layer is circular and outer is longitudinal but here it’s the opposite; longitudinal is inner and circular is outer)
The unique features of the muscularis externa in the pharynx are also seen where?
Ureters
Which fascia is present in the adventitia of the pharynx?
Buccopharyngeal fascia
The upper surface of the larynx consists of which type of surface epithelium? Lower surface?
Stratified squamous (lower surface will transition to respiratory)
What are the functions of cartilage in the larynx?
Maintain an open airway and aid sound production
What types of cartilage are present in the larynx?
Hyaline (thyroid, cricoid and inferior arytenoid)
Elastic (Epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate and superior arytenoid)
What is the general function of the epiglottis?
Prevents food from entering the larynx
Which type of surface epithelium predominates in vestibular folds below the epiglottis and laryngeal vestibule?
Respiratory
Which surface epithelium is present in the laryngeal ventricle?
Stratified squamous
Which surface epithelium is present in the vocal folds?
Stratified squamous
What is the function of the vocal folds?
Protect from abrasion and prevent drying of tissues due to rapid air movement
Below the epiglottis and laryngeal vestibule, what supports the vocal folds?
Lamina propria
Which muscle is striated and is located deep to the mucosa?
Vocalis muscle
The vocalis muscle will adduct to narrow which structure?
Rima glottidis
Which epithelial type is present in the trachea?
Respiratory
Which cell types are most common within the surface epithelium of the trachea?
Goblet (30%), ciliated columnar (30%) and basal cells (30%)
DNES are small granular cells also called:
Kulchitsky cells
What is the function of DNES?
Secrete in LP to influence other cells in the respiratory epithelium
The submucosa of the trachea contains _____ and blends with LP.
Hyaline cartilage C-ring
Which structural trends are observed in bronchi?
Decreases in: cartilage, glands and goblet cells and height of epithelium
Increases in: smooth muscle and elastic CT
Extrapulmonary bronchi include _____ bronchi, while intrapulmonary bronchi include _____ bronchi.
Primary; Secondary and tertiary
Clara cells are present where?
Bronchioles
What do Clara cells produce?
Surfactant-like material
What is the first region of respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
Respiratory bronchioles
How are respiratory bronchioles different than terminal bronchioles?
Respiratory bronchioles have some simple squamous epithelium that allows for gas exchange
What is the function of alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs?
Gas exchange
Which cells types are most common in alveoli?
Type I pneumocyte (~95% of alveolar surface), Type II pneumocyte and alveolar macrophages
Which alveolar cell contains squamous-type cells with zonula occludens between cells?
Type I pneumocyte
Which alveolar cell contains cuboidal cells?
Type II pneumocyte
Which alveolar cell type functions as a stem cell for either type I or type II?
Type II pneumocyte
Alveolar macrophages develop from:
Monocytes
Which alveolar cell type produces pulmonary surfactant and lysozyme?
Type II pneumocyte
What is the name of the region between two alveoli?
Interalveolar septum
The region where oxygen and CO2 pass between the air and blood is called the:
Blood-Gas barrier
The blood-gas barrier consists of which alveolar cell type?
Type I
Fused basal lamina is shared between:
Alveolar type I and endothelial cell of capillary
Which alveolar cell type appears to synapse with nerve fibers?
Type II
Chronic exposure to irritants and metaplasia in the upper respiratory tract will lead to an increase in _____ and a decrease in _____.
Increase in goblet cells (mucus increases) and a decrease in ciliated columnar cells (congestion increases)
If a lot of coughing occurs as a result of irritation or metaplasia, which epithelial type replaces respiratory epithelium?
Stratified squamous
Respiratory distress of newborns is also called:
Hyaline membrane disease
What causes RDS or hyaline membrane disease?
Too few mature Type II alveolar cells
What causes emphysema?
Inflammation from infection, smoking or irritants
Alpha-1 antitrypsin is a protein that protects:
Elastic fibers
Alpha-1 AT is produced by _____ and is inactivated by _____.
Hepatocytes; free radicals in cigarette smoke
Emphysema results in _____ elastin, which then results in _____ alveolar elasticity.
Decreased elastin; decreased alveolar elasticity
Is emphysema reversible?
Negative, ghostrider…
Which part of the filtration system will be used to clear dust and pollen?
Medium particle filter
Which part of the filtration system will be active in removing bacteria and viruses?
Small particle filter
What is the surface epithelium type of the vestibule in the nasal cavity?
Keratinized stratified squamous
In which part of the nasal cavity will vibrissae be present?
Vestibule
Which surface epithelium will be present in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?
Respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar)
The mucociliary apparatus consists of _____, and is a part of which filter?
Goblet cells and ciliated columnar cells; medium particle filter
Which products are produced by seromucous glands?
Lysozyme (anti-bacterial), interferons (anti-viral), cytokines (stimulates defensive cells) and air humidity
What type of surface epithelium makes up the olfactory region?
Olfactory epithelium w/ supporting and basal cells and olfactory neurons
Which epithelial type predominates in paranasal sinuses?
Repiratory epithelium
What possible problem is present in regards to LP in the paranasal cavity?
Ostia are small, so if LP swells, ostia is blocked and sinus infection thrives
What are the three subdivisions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
The superior subdivision of the pharynx.
Nasopharynx
The middle subdivision of the pharynx.
Oropharynx
The inferior subdivision of the pharynx.
Laryngopharynx
Which surface epithelium is present in the nasopharynx?
Respiratory epithelium
Which type of surface epithelium is present in the oropharynx?
Stratified squamous
Which surface epithelium predominates in the laryngopharynx?
Stratified squamous
Which tonsils are present in the nasopharynx?
Pharyngeal tonsils
Which tonsils are present in the oropharynx?
Palatine and lingual tonsils
Which subdivision of the pharynx has no tonsils present?
Laryngopharynx
Which fascia is present in the submucosa of the pharynx?
Pharyngobasilar fascia
What are the two unique features about the muscularis externa of the pharynx?
All skeletal muscle and reversed pattern (usually inner layer is circular and outer is longitudinal but here it’s the opposite; longitudinal is inner and circular is outer)
The unique features of the muscularis externa in the pharynx are also seen where?
Ureters
Which fascia is present in the adventitia of the pharynx?
Buccopharyngeal fascia
The upper surface of the larynx consists of which type of surface epithelium? Lower surface?
Stratified squamous (lower surface will transition to respiratory)
What are the functions of cartilage in the larynx?
Maintain an open airway and aid sound production
What types of cartilage are present in the larynx?
Hyaline (thyroid, cricoid and inferior arytenoid)
Elastic (Epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate and superior arytenoid)
What is the general function of the epiglottis?
Prevents food from entering the larynx
Which type of surface epithelium predominates in vestibular folds below the epiglottis and laryngeal vestibule?
Respiratory
Which surface epithelium is present in the laryngeal ventricle?
Stratified squamous
Which surface epithelium is present in the vocal folds?
Stratified squamous
What is the function of the vocal folds?
Protect from abrasion and prevent drying of tissues due to rapid air movement
Below the epiglottis and laryngeal vestibule, what supports the vocal folds?
Lamina propria
Which muscle is striated and is located deep to the mucosa?
Vocalis muscle
The vocalis muscle will adduct to narrow which structure?
Rima glottidis
Which epithelial type is present in the trachea?
Respiratory
Which cell types are most common within the surface epithelium of the trachea?
Goblet (30%), ciliated columnar (30%) and basal cells (30%)
DNES are small granular cells also called:
Kulchitsky cells
What is the function of DNES?
Secrete in LP to influence other cells in the respiratory epithelium
The submucosa of the trachea contains _____ and blends with LP.
Hyaline cartilage C-ring
Which structural trends are observed in bronchi?
Decreases in: cartilage, glands and goblet cells and height of epithelium
Increases in: smooth muscle and elastic CT
Extrapulmonary bronchi include _____ bronchi, while intrapulmonary bronchi include _____ bronchi.
Primary; Secondary and tertiary
Bronchioles are characterized by:
Clara cells are present where?
Bronchioles
What do Clara cells produce?
Surfactant-like material
What is the first region of respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
Respiratory bronchioles
How are respiratory bronchioles different than terminal bronchioles?
Respiratory bronchioles have some simple squamous epithelium that allows for gas exchange
What is the function of alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs?
Gas exchange
Which cells types are most common in alveoli?
Type I pneumocyte (~95% of alveolar surface), Type II pneumocyte and alveolar macrophages
Which alveolar cell contains squamous-type cells with zonula occludens between cells?
Type I pneumocyte
Which alveolar cell contains cuboidal cells?
Type II pneumocyte
Which alveolar cell type functions as a stem cell for either type I or type II?
Type II pneumocyte
Alveolar macrophages develop from:
Monocytes
Which alveolar cell type produces pulmonary surfactant and lysozyme?
Type II pneumocyte
What is the name of the region between two alveoli?
Interalveolar septum
The region where oxygen and CO2 pass between the air and blood is called the:
Blood-Gas barrier
The blood-gas barrier consists of which alveolar cell type?
Type I
Fused basal lamina is shared between:
Alveolar type I and endothelial cell of capillary
Which alveolar cell type appears to synapse with nerve fibers?
Type II
Chronic exposure to irritants and metaplasia in the upper respiratory tract will lead to an increase in _____ and a decrease in _____.
Increase in goblet cells (mucus increases) and a decrease in ciliated columnar cells (congestion increases)
If a lot of coughing occurs as a result of irritation or metaplasia, which epithelial type replaces respiratory epithelium?
Stratified squamous
Respiratory distress of newborns is also called:
Hyaline membrane disease
What causes RDS or hyaline membrane disease?
Too few mature Type II alveolar cells
What causes emphysema?
Inflammation from infection, smoking or irritants
Alpha-1 antitrypsin is a protein that protects:
Elastic fibers
Alpha-1 AT is produced by _____ and is inactivated by _____.
Hepatocytes; free radicals in cigarette smoke
Emphysema results in _____ elastin, which then results in _____ alveolar elasticity.
Decreased elastin; decreased alveolar elasticity
Is emphysema reversible?
Negative, ghostrider…
