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Organ Histology > Chapter 4 Exam II > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

In order from innermost to outermost, what are the layers of the heart wall?

A

Endocardium, Myocardium, Pericardium

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2
Q

Which endothelial type is present in endocardium?

A

Simple squamous

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3
Q

Endocardium is characterized by:

A

Looser, fibro-elastic CT layer
Dense irregular CT (more collagen I and elastic fibers, some smooth muscle)
Sub-endocardial layer (BVs, nerves and purkinje fibers)

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4
Q

The sub-endocardial layer contains:

A

Purkinje fibers

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5
Q

Purkinje fibers contain stores of:

A

Glycogen

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6
Q

How are Purkinje fibers attached?

A

Gap junctions and macula adherens

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7
Q

What is the function of Purkinje fibers?

A

To conduct contraction impulse rapidly

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8
Q

Atria vs. Ventricle?

A

Atria: Less muscle and more elastic fibers
Ventricle: Well-developed muscle layer

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9
Q

What is represented by the transverse portion of intercalated discs?

A

Macula adherens and fascia adherens

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10
Q

What is represented by the longitudinal portion of intercalated discs?

A

Large gap junctions

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11
Q

Functions of intercalated discs.

A

Attach cardiac myocytes using macula adherens, attach and stabilize myofibrils using fascia adherens and cell-to-cell communication using gap junctions

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12
Q

Specialized cardiac muscle cells are called:

A

Myoendocrine cells

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13
Q

Hormones function in:

A

Fluid and electrolyte balance (target- kidneys) and decreased blood pressure (target- small arteries/arterioles)

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14
Q

Epicardium is also called:

A

Visceral pericardium

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15
Q

Epicardium consists of which layers?

A

Sub-epicardial layer and mesothelium

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16
Q

Which epithelial type is found in mesothelium?

A

Simple squamous

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17
Q

Which layer of the epicardium secretes a serous lubricating fluid?

A

Mesothelium

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18
Q

Which layer of the epicardium contains coronary vessels and nerves?

A

Sub-epicardial layer

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19
Q

Which type of pericardium is a mirror image of epicardium?

A

Parietal pericardium

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20
Q

Parietal pericardium contains which layers?

A

Mesothelium and a layer of fibro-elastic CT

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21
Q

The pericaridlal sac is made up of:

A

Parietal and fibrous pericardium

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22
Q

How much liquid does the pericardial cavity hold?

A

15-50 ml

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23
Q

The pericardial cavity is located between:

A

Parietal and visceral pericardium (epicardium)

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24
Q

Which type of connective tissue has many collagen I and elastic fibers and is almost avascular?

A

Dense irregular CT

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25
Q

The cardiac skeleton is made up of which type of connective tissue?

A

Dense irregular CT

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26
Q

What are the three components of the cardiac skeleton?

A

Annuli fibrosis, trigonum fibrosum and septum membranaceum

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27
Q

The annuli fibrosis is located where?

A

Around the base of the aorta, pulmonary artery and openings to the chambers

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28
Q

The trigonum fibrosum is located where?

A

By cusps of aortic valve

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29
Q

The septum membranaceum is located where?

A

Upper portion of interventricular septum

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30
Q

Which cardiac skeleton layer functions to provide an origin and insertion for cardiac myocytes?

A

Septum membranaceum

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31
Q

Chordae tendinae are made up of which type of CT?

A

Dense regular CT

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32
Q

What is the general function of the cardiac skeleton?

A

Isolates atrial and ventricular myocardia to ensure individual chamber contractions

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33
Q

Chest pain usually brought on by exertion is termed:

A

Angina

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34
Q

What causes angina?

A

Slow, progressive narrowing of coronary vessels, therefore, less oxygen

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35
Q

Abnormal heart rhythm is called:

A

Dysrhythmia

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36
Q

Dysrhythmia can result when:

A

Damage or death occurs to Purkinje fibers and other conducting tissues

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37
Q

Which condition results often due to an infection in the pericardial cavity?

A

Pericarditis

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38
Q

What becomes inflammed in pericarditis?

A

Serous pericardium (Parietal and visceral pericardia)

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39
Q

What are the three luminal wall layers of blood vessels?

A

Tunica intima, media and adventitia

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40
Q

Which luminal wall layer is a continuation of the endocardium?

A

Tunica intima

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41
Q

Which luminal wall layer is a continuation of the myocardium?

A

Tunica media

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42
Q

Which luminal wall layer is a continuation of the epicardium?

A

Tunica adventitia

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43
Q

The tunica intima is the continuation of which heart wall layer?

A

Endocardium

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44
Q

The tunica media is the continuation of which heart wall layer?

A

Myocardium

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45
Q

The tunica adventitia is the continuation of which heart wall layer?

A

Epicardium (visceral pericardium)

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46
Q

Which luminal wall layer is a continuation of visceral pericardium?

A

Tunica adventitia

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47
Q

Elastic arteries are also called:

A

Conducting arteries

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48
Q

Examples of elastic arteries include:

A

Aorta, common iliacs, common carotids, brachiocephalics and subclavians

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49
Q

Characteristics of tunica intima in elastic arteries.

A

Attenuated endothelium, thin/incomplete internal elastic lamina, thicker CT w/ elastic fibers/collagen I/fibroblasts/smooth muscle

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50
Q

Characteristics of tunica media in elastic arteries.

A

Primarily fenestrated sheets of elastic fibers w/ some collagen I/smooth muscle, thin external elastic lamina possible and outer portion typically contains vasa vasorum (small BVs that supply larger BVs)

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51
Q

Characteristics of tunica adventitia in elastic arteries.

A

Loose fibroelastic CT and numerous vasa vasorum,

52
Q

Which luminal wall layer contains internal elastic lamina?

A

Tunica intima

53
Q

Which luminal wall layer contains external elastic lamina?

A

Tunica media

54
Q

Which luminal wall layers exhibit vasa vasorum?

A

Tunica media and adventitia

55
Q

Which luminal wall layer contains fenestrated sheets of elastic fibers?

A

Tunica media

56
Q

Which luminal wall layer contains attenuated endothelium?

A

Tunica intima

57
Q

Which luminal wall layer exhibits numerous vaso vasorum?

A

Tunica adventitia

58
Q

Muscular arteries are also called:

A

Distributing arteries

59
Q

Which luminal wall is the thickest and most dominant in muscular arteries?

A

Tunica media

60
Q

Which luminal wall layer is the thinnest in muscular arteries?

A

Tunica intima

61
Q

Which luminal wall layer contains sulfated GAG’s and vaso vasorum in muscular arteries?

A

Tunica adventitia

62
Q

In muscular arteries, the tunica media is richly innervated by which type of nerves? Why?

A

Sympathetics; strong contraction over a small area

63
Q

In which structures will the tunica intima and tunica media NOT have their respective elastic lamina?

A

Arterioles

64
Q

Which arteries are the largest?

A

Elastic arteries (Conducting arteries)

65
Q

Examples of muscular arteries include:

A

Brachial, radial, renal and femoral

66
Q

In muscular arteries, the tunica media is composed primarily of which type of muscle?

A

Circular smooth muscle

67
Q

Arterioles are important in determining:

A

Blood pressure

68
Q

With increased age, the number of elastic laminae increase in which luminal wall layer?

A

Tunica media

69
Q

An increase in which substances, after middle age, leads to decreased flexibility in muscular arteries?

A

Collagen and proteoglycans

70
Q

Which vessels are greatly affected by age?

A

Coronary vessels

71
Q

An increase in _____ blood pressure can occur as a result of decreased elastic fibers and increased collagen I.

72
Q

“Hardening of the arteries” is medically called _____, and occurs most commonly in which arteries?

A

Atherosclerosis; largest of the arteries

73
Q

In atherosclerosis, what happens to luminal wall layers?

A

Tunica intima becomes infiltrated with soft lipids causing lumen diameter to decrease, and tunica media is often affected due to collagen I and sulfated GAG accumulation

74
Q

Which luminal wall layer is prone to injury, irritation and infection in atherosclerosis?

A

Tunica media

75
Q

Which luminal wall layer may degenerate in atherosclerosis?

A

Tunica intima

76
Q

An increase in tunica intima width leads to:

A

Decrease in lumen size

77
Q

Short, terminal arterioles that lack a true tunica media are called:

A

Metarterioles

78
Q

Metartioles lack which luminal wall layer?

A

Tunica media

79
Q

Metarterioles lead to capillaries and _____ that lead to venules.

A

Thoroughfare channels

80
Q

What controls blood flow into true capillaries?

A

Pre-capillary sphincters

81
Q

Metarterioles are found:

A

Within all capillary beds

82
Q

In which organs is the AVA open? Closed?

A

Open: Erectile tissues
Closed: Skin and stomach

83
Q

Which luminal walls are thicker in AVA?

A

Tunica media and adventitia

84
Q

What is the function of an AV shunt?

A

To control AVA lumen size, therefore the amount of blood into the capillaries

85
Q

Blood flow into capillaries is controlled or influenced by:

A

Metarterioles, AVAs, Lumen size of terminal arteriole and pre-capillary sphincters

86
Q

What is the appearance of cells in the structure of a capillary?

A

Single layer of flattened endothelial cells

87
Q

What structure of a capillary forms tiny pockets through the cytoplasm?

A

Pinocytic vesicles

88
Q

What is the function of a pinocytic vesicle?

A

Movement of large molecules

89
Q

Which cell junction is present in capillaries?

A

Fasciae occludens

90
Q

What are the functions of fasciae occludens in capillaries?

A

Move macromolecules and allows cell movement

91
Q

Types of capillaries?

A

Continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries and sinusoidal capillaries

92
Q

Which type of capillary is most common?

A

Continuous capillaries

93
Q

Continuous capillaries are located:

A

Muscle, CT, and many organs

94
Q

Pericytes are present in which type of capillary?

A

Continuous

95
Q

Residual mesenchyme cells that secrete basement membrane and matrix components are called:

96
Q

What are the functions of pericytes?

A

Healing and regulate blood flow

97
Q

What is the name of the capillary that has a zonula occludens instead of a fasciae occludens?

A

Modified continuous capillary

98
Q

Where are modified continuous capillaries found?

99
Q

The zonula occludens of a modified continuous capillary provides barrier regulation, but is influenced by:

A

Astrocytes

100
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries located?

A

Pancreas, intestines, kidneys and endocrine organs

101
Q

Fenestrated capillaries contain pores with thin protein diaphragms that contain how many fibrils?

102
Q

Function of fenestrated capillaries?

A

To allow greater movement of molecules and cells

103
Q

Where are sinusoidal capillaries located?

A

Bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymphatic organs and certain endocrine organs

104
Q

Which type of capillary has an enlarged diameter and many large fenestrae with NO protein diaphragm?

A

Sinusoidal

105
Q

What is the function of sinusoidal capillaries?

A

Enhanced exchange between blood and tissues

106
Q

How are veins similar to arteries?

A

They have 3 tunics

107
Q

How are veins different than arteries?

A

Not as uniform in structure, often larger and there are more of them (highly variable)

108
Q

Valves contain 2 flaps of which type of luminal wall?

A

Tunica intima

109
Q

Functions of valves?

A

Protection by preventing backflow and work w/ skeletal muscle to keep blood moving

110
Q

Venules are determined by _____, NOT _____.

A

Tunics NOT diameter

111
Q

Post-capillary venules lack which type of luminal wall?

A

Tunica media and tunica adventitia

112
Q

Collecting venules lack which type of luminal wall?

A

Tunica media

113
Q

Which luminal wall type is present in all types of venules?

A

Tunica intima

114
Q

Small veins are similar to venules EXCEPT they have:

A

A complete tunica media

115
Q

The thickest and most dominant luminal wall type of medium and large veins is the:

A

Tunica adventitia

116
Q

Which types of veins are exceptions to the typical structure?

A

Superficial veins of legs (well-developed tunica media), pulmonary veins (same), superior and inferior vena cava

117
Q

Enlarged and winding superficial veins in the legs are termed:

A

Varicose veins

118
Q

What causes varicose veins?

A

Loss of skeletal muscle tone, degeneration of vessel wall and valve incompetence

119
Q

Varicose veins located in the lower esophagus are called:

A

Esophageal varices

120
Q

Esophageal varices are common in ____ and are caused by _____.

A

Alcoholics; portal hypertension

121
Q

Varicose veins located at the end of the anal canal are called:

A

Hemorrhoids

122
Q

Functions of lymphatic vessels.

A

Drain excess interstitial fluid, transport lymph to lymph nodes and transport lymph to blood stream

123
Q

Which type of capillaries structurally resemble continuous blood capillaries?

A

Lymphatic capillaries

124
Q

Small lymphatic vessels resemble:

125
Q

Lymphatic ducts empty into the venous system at the junction of:

A

Right internal jugular and subclavian veins

126
Q

Two types of lymphatic ducts.

A

Short right LD and thoracic duct

Organ Histology (4 decks)

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