Chapter 5- Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms

Question 1

What types of chromosomes are located in a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 1

Haploid- half the amount of chromosomes, or Diploid-twice the amount of chromosomes

Question 2

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 2

Composed of a phospholipid bilayer and is either smooth or rough. Smooth ER (liver of cell) specializes in lipid metabolism and detox reactions. Rough ER specializes in docking ribosomes and protein synthesis. Rough ER comes into contact with nuclear spores. Once genetic material is transcribed, it leaves the nucleus and ends up here.

Question 3

Ribosomes

Answer 3

Two subunits that translate mRNA into proteins. They are antibiotic resistant and have selective toxicity (will kill bacteria without killing me).
40+60=80

Question 4

Mitochondria

Answer 4

“Energy Transformer” and site of respiration. Composed of a double lipid bilayer and contains ribosomes, mitochondrial DNA, and metabolic enzymes. Mitochondrial DNA is maternal ONLY.

Question 5

Golgi Body

Answer 5

Composed of a lipid bilayer and specializes in protein trafficking centers. It communicates with rough ER. It imports/processes/and exports material.

Question 6

Cytoskeleton

Answer 6

Composed of actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.

1. Actin- responsible for cellular movement by flexing and contracting.
2. Microtubules-maintain cell shape and aid in movement of flagellum and cilia.
3. Intermediate filaments-structural beams

Question 7

Vacuoles

Answer 7

Storage sites for water, food, enzymes, and waste. They are similar to inclusion bodies of prokaryotic cells.

1. Central vaculoles provide turgor pressure (holds a lot of water)
2. Contractile vacuoles eliminate water
3. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and are part of the immune system

Question 8

Glycocalyx

Answer 8

Outermost boundry that comes into direct contact with environment. Aids in reception of cell signaling, protection, and present in some pathogens. Much like the capsule or slime layer in bacteria.

Question 9

Fungi

Answer 9

Terrestrial, non-photosynthetic, and saprophytic (decomposes organic substrates. Single forms are YEAST, multicellular forms are MOLD. They produce HYPHAE which produces MYCELIUM which is the body of mold. Ergosterol in membrane. Chitin is the polysaccharide that makes up the fungi’s cell walls. They are haploid and diploid and use sexual and asexual reproduction.

Question 10

What are sporangiospores?

Answer 10

Asexual spores that are formed in sac-like structures and released when sac breaks.

Question 11

What are condiospores?

Answer 11

Asexual, free spores that look like a dandilion and release when they mature.

Question 12

Aglae

Answer 12

Photosynthetic, free living, do not require hosts. Not infectious and classified by pigments.

Question 13

Protozoa

Answer 13

Single, free living, pathogenic cells grouped by movement. No cell wall and are trophozoites (adult) or cysts (dormant, resting, difficult to get rid of). Important protozoas are mastigophora, sarcodina, cilophora, and apicomplexa.

Question 14

Mastigophora

Answer 14

Type of protozoa that move using a glagella. They can cause blood borne, GI, and neurologic issues.

Question 15

Sarcodina

Answer 15

Type of protozoa that move using psuedopodia. Primary form is amoeboid (including amoeba). Can cause brain infections BAD, and intestinal parasite.

Question 16

Ciliophora

Answer 16

Type of protozoa that can move using cilia, free living, common is paramecium. Causes intestinal issues.

Question 17

Apicomplexa

Answer 17

Non-motile protozoa that is transmitted from person to person, through food and water, etc. Can cause malaria.

Question 18

Helminths

Answer 18

Multicellular organisms that spend their life cycle in the GI tract. Two main groups include Aschelminthes (nematodes) which are rounworms, and Platyhelminthes which are flat worms. Tapeworms are cestodes and tremetodes are flukes.