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Microbiology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pathologic State

A

Results when the infection damages or disrupts tissues and organs. “I don’t feel good”.

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2
Q

Infectious Disease

A

The disruption of a tissue or organ caused by microbes or their products. For example, food poisoning or ebola.

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3
Q

Resident Biota

A

Microbes on the human body that has a stable, non-pathogenic relationship with the human host.

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4
Q

Sites that harbor a known normal biota

A

Skin, respiratory tract, GI tract, outer opening of urethra, external genitalia, vagina, external ear canal, external eye including lids and conjunctiva.

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5
Q

Microbial Antagonism

A

Bacterial biota benefit the human host by preventing the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms.

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6
Q

Endogenous Infections

A

Caused by biota that are already present in the body. Example- biofilm.

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7
Q

Pathogen

A

A microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic and results in infection and disease.

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8
Q

True Pathogen

A

Capable of causing disease in a healthy person. Associated with a specific, recognizable disease.

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9
Q

Opportunistic Pathogen

A

Causes disease when host defenses are compromised.

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10
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Concept that describes an organism’s potential to cause disease. Become established in body parts not natural to them.

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11
Q

Factors that weaken host defenses/ increase susceptibility to infection

A

Old age, extreme youth, genetic defects in immunity and acquired defects in immunity (AIDS), surgery and organ transplants, organic diseases including cancer, liver malfunction, and diabetes, chemotherapy/immunosuppressive drugs, physical and mental stress, other infections.

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12
Q

Virulence

A

Degree of pathogenicity determined by its ability to establish itself in the host and cause damage.

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13
Q

Virulence Factor

A

Any characteristic or structure of the microbe that contributes to its virulence including ability to produce toxin, fimbrae, capsule. Adaptations used to invade and establish itself in host tissues.

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14
Q

Exogenous

A

Microorganism originating from source outside of the body.

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15
Q

GI Tract as Portal of Entry

A

Pathogens in food, drink, and other ingested subasances adapted to survive digestive enzymes and pH changes. Best known agents are enteric bacteria.

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16
Q

Infectious Agents that enter the skin

A

Common portal of entry including nicks, abrasions, and punctures. Some create their own passageway using digestive enzymes or bites.

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17
Q

Respiratory Portal of Entry

A

Includes the greatest number of pathogens due to the fact that structures in the respiratory tract have a continuous mucous membrane covering. Smaller cells and particles are inhaled more deeply.

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18
Q

Urogenital Portal of Entry

A

STDs account for nearly 4% of infections world wide. Not all are stis, some caused by displaced organisms.

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19
Q

Pathogens that infect during pregnancy and birth

A

Some microbes cross the placenta with an 80% fatality rate for syphilis. Some infections occur prenatally when the child is contaminated by the birth canal.

20
Q

Infectious Dose (ID)

A

Smaller infectious dose, greater virulence. Infection only proceeds if ID is present.

21
Q

Subclinical Dose

A

Numbers below infectious dose that do not result in infection.

22
Q

Adhesion

A

A way for microbes to gain foothold on host tissue. Mechanisms of attachment include fimbrae, surface protein, and adhesive slimes and capsules for bacteria. Spikes for viruses. Hooks, suckers, and barbs for parasites.

23
Q

Phagocytes

A

White blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens with enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals. Strongest immune response.

24
Q

Antiphagocytic factors

A

Used by some aggressive pathogens to avoid phagocytes. Include extracellular surface layer and some can survive inside phagocytes after ingestion.

25
Q

Direct damage

A

Use exoenzymes or toxins to inflict damage.

26
Q

Indirect damage

A

Excessive or inappropriate host response to damage.

27
Q

Bacterial Toxin

A

Specific chemical product that is poisonous to other organisms.

28
Q

Toxigenicity

A

The power to produce toxins.

29
Q

Toxinoses

A

A variety of disease caused by toxigenicity

30
Q

Toxemias

A

Toxinoses in which the toxin is spread by the blood from the site of infection. (tetanus and diphtheria)

31
Q

Intoxications

A

Toxinoses caused by ingestion of toxins (botulism)

32
Q

Exotoxins

A

Toxin secreted by living bacterial cell into infected tissue. Example-proteins with specific target are extremely powerful that can cause death.

33
Q

Endotoxins

A

Shed from the outer membrane of gram negative cells. Example- lipopolysaccharide of the gram negative wall has systemic effect on tissues.

34
Q

Process of Infection and Disease

A

Incubation (time from initial contact to first symptoms), prodromal stage (notable symptoms, vague feeling of discomfort), period of invasion (agent multiplies and exhibits high toxicity and becomes established in tissues), convalescent period (recovery period, patient’s strength and health gradually return)

35
Q

Necrosis

A

Cell and tissue death

36
Q

Localized infection

A

Microbe enters the body and remains confined to a specific tissue

37
Q

Systemic infection

A

Spreads to several sites and tissue fluids, usually in the bloodstream

38
Q

Focal infection

A

Caused when agent breaks loose from local infection and is carried to other tissues

39
Q

Mixed infection

A

Several agents establish infection simultaneously at the infection site

40
Q

Primary/Secondary infection

A

Infection according to sequence. Primary infection complicated by another secondary infection by a different microbe.

41
Q

Sign

A

Any objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer. Ex) Rash & Fever

42
Q

Symptom

A

The subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient. Ex) Pain

43
Q

Syndrome

A

When a disease can be identified or defined by a certain complex of signs and symptoms.

44
Q

How do pathogens vacate the host?

A

Shed or released from the body through secretion, excretion, discharge, sloughing.

45
Q

Respiratory and Salivary Exit Portals

A

Most effective means by coughing, sneezing, talking, and laughing. Mucous, sputum, nasal discharge, and other moist secretions are media for escape.

46
Q

Skin scales exit portal

A

Outer layer of skin and scalp are constantly sloughed off. Skin lesions and their exudates can act as portals of exit.

Microbiology (12 decks)

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