Chapter 12- Drugs

Question 1

Penicillin Group

Answer 1

An antibacterial drug that targets the cell wall. -Natural penicillin can be obtained through microbial fermentation -Consist of three parts: a thiazolidine ring, a beta-lactam ring, and a variable side chain

Question 2

Cephalosporin Group

Answer 2

1. Majority of all antibiotics administered 2. Isolated from mold Cephalosporium acremonium 3. Contains beta-lactam ring 4. Broad spectrum of subgroups 5. Resistant to most penicillinases 6. Cause fewer allergic reactions than penicillins 7. Four generations of cephalosporins exist based on their antibacterial activity

Question 3

Bacitracin

Answer 3

1. Drug that targets cell wall 2. Produced by a strain of Bacillus subtilus 3. Used in triple antibiotics

Question 4

Isoniazid

Answer 4

1. Drug that targets cell wall 2. Used in treatment of active tuburculosis 3. Generally used in combination with two or three other drugs 4. Helps to prevent resistance

Question 5

Vancomycin

Answer 5

1. Drug that targets cell wall 2. Narrow spectrum 3. Effective in treating staph infections that are penicillin and methacillin resistant

Question 6

Fosfomycin trimethamine

Answer 6

1. Drug that targets cell wall 2. Alternate treatment for UTI caused by enteric bacteria

Question 7

Tetracycline Antibiotics

Answer 7

1. Bind to ribosomes and block protein synthesis 2. Broad-spectrum 3. Gram positive and negative rods and cocci 4. Mycoplasmas, rickettsias, and spirochetes 5. Doxycycline and minocycline used for STD’s, lyme disease, typhus, cholera, acne, etc

Question 8

Chloramphenicol

Answer 8

1. Broad spectrum and unique nitrobenzene structure 2. Blocks peptide bond formation and protein synthesis. Synthesized through chemical processes. 3. Very toxic to human cells so restricted use

Question 9

Erythromycin

Answer 9

1. Large lactone ring with sugars attached 2. Broad spectrum 3. Low toxicity 4. Blocks protein synthesis by attaching to the ribosome 4. Used for mycoplasma pneumonia, chlamydia, pertussis, diptheria

Question 10

Clindamycin

Answer 10

1. Broad spectrum 2. Derived from lincomycin 3. Causes adverse reactions in the GI tract so limited use

Question 11

Synercid

Answer 11

1. Combined antibiotic from the streptogramin group 2. Effective against staph enterococcus species and streptococcus 3. Binds to sites on the 50Sribosome inhibiting translation

Question 12

Oxazolidones

Answer 12

1. Inhibit the initiation of protein synthesis 2. NOT found in nature 3. Hoping that drug resistance among bacteria will be slow to develop 4. Used to treat infections caused by TWO of the MOST DIFFICULT clinical pathogens: MRSA and VRE

Question 13

Sulfonamide

Answer 13

1. Antibacterial drug that targets folic acid synthesis 2. Sulfa drugs 3. Very first modern antimicrobial drug 4. Synthetic 5. Treats shigellosis, acute UTI, and certain protozoan infections

Question 14

Trimethoprim

Answer 14

1. Antibacterial drug that targets folic acid synthesis 2. Inhibits the enzyme step immediately following the step inhibited by sulfonamides in synthesis of folic acid 3. Often given in combination with sulfamethoxazole 4. One of the primary treatments for pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in aids pts

Question 15

Sulfones

Answer 15

1. Antibacterial drug that targets folic acid synthesis 2. Chemically related to sulfonamides 3. Lack their broad-spectrum effects 4. Key drugs in treating leprosy

Question 16

Fluoroquinolones

Answer 16

1. Antibacterial drugs targeting DNA or RNA 2.High potency and broad spectrum 3. Inhibit a wide variety of gram positive and negative bacterial species even in minimal concentrations 4. Side effects include seizures and other brain disturbances

Question 17

Ciprofloxacin

Answer 17

1. Second generation quinolone 2. Used to treat UTI, STD’s, GI infections, osteomyelitis, respiratory infections, and soft tissue infections 3. Most notable is its use intreating anthrax in 2001 4. Antibacterial drug targeting DNA or RNA

Question 18

Rifampin

Answer 18

1. Antibacterial drug targeting DNA or RNA 2. Product of the genus streptomyces 3. Limited in spectrum 4. Mainly for infections by severam gram positive rods and cocci and a few gram negative bacteria 5. Treats mycobacterial infections such as TB and leprosy 6. Usually given in combination with other drugs

Question 19

Polymyxins

Answer 19

1. Antibacterial drug targeting cell membranes 2. Narrow spectrum peptide antibiotics 3. From bacillus polymyxa 4. Limited by their toxicity to the kidneys 5. Band E can be used to treat drug resistant pseudomonas aruginosa

Question 20

Daptomycin

Answer 20

1. Antibacterial drug targeting cell membranes 2. Lipopeptide made by streptomyces 3. Most active against gram positive bacteria

Question 21

Antibacterial drugs targeting cell wall

Answer 21

1. Penicillin & relatives 2. Cephlasporin 3. Bacitracin 4. Isoniazid 5. Vancomycin 6. Fosfomycin trimethamine

Question 22

Antibacterial drugs targeting protein synthesis

Answer 22

1. Aminoglycosides 2. Tetracycline 3. Chloramphenicol 4. Erythromycin 5. Clindamycin 6. Synercid 7. Oxazolidones

Question 23

Antibacterial drugs targeting folic acid synthesis

Answer 23

1. Sulfonamides 2. Trimethoprim 3. Sulfones

Question 24

Antibacterial drugs targeting DNA or RNA

Answer 24

1. Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin) 2. Rifampin

Question 25

Antibacterial drugs targeting cell membranes

Answer 25

1. Polymyxins 2. Daptomycin

Question 26

Agents to treat fungal infections

Answer 26

1. Macrolide polyene antibiotics 2. Griseofulvin 3. Synthetic azoles 4. Flucytosine

Question 27

Antiparasitic chemotherapy

Answer 27

1. Quinine 2. Flagyl 3. Tetracycline

Question 28

Antiviral chemotherapeutic agents

Answer 28

1. Amantidine 2. Acyclovire 3. Indinavir