Chapter 5: Essentials of Metabolism

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

processes in which food is converted into fuel (converted through kinetic and potential energy)

Kinetic - energy used for work
Potential - energy stored for later (through adipose tissues and in our liver as glycogen)

Question 2

Thermic Effect of Food

Answer 2

the energy expenditure of food we eat (overall 10% contribution of total daily energy requirements)

Question 3

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

Answer 3

unit of energy (human energy currency) chemical compound is adenine (base) + sugar molecules + 3 phosphate bind by oxygen molecules

Question 4

Thermodynamics

Question 5

Bioenergetics

Question 6

Conservation of energy

Answer 6

law that energy can’t be created or destroyed but only to be conserved

Question 7

kinetic energy

Answer 7

energy during movement

Question 8

enzymes

Answer 8

catalysts that accelerate chemical rxn

Question 9

reactant

Answer 9

substance consumed during chemical rxn

Question 10

enthalpy

Answer 10

sum of the system’s internal energy and the product

Question 11

entropy

Answer 11

the energy that gets released by chemical rxn (its value changes depending on the amount of matter that’s present)

Question 12

calorie/joule

Answer 12

unit of energy changes (calories x 4.184) = joule

Question 13

hydrolysis

Answer 13

breakage of bonds between the three phosphate molecules (these happen and energy is used up) and become diphosphate

Question 14

myosin

Answer 14

work together with actin for muscle contraction (protein of muscle)

Myosin is the prototype of a molecular motor—a protein that converts chemical energy in the form of ATP to mechanical energy, thus generating force and movement.

Question 15

actin

Answer 15

work together with myosin for muscle contraction

Question 16

Sliding filament theory

Answer 16

a theory that describes that actin and myosin bind/work together for muscle movement & contraction

**Myosin reaches forward, binds with actin, contracts, releases –> creates energy/movement

Question 17

ATPase

Answer 17

Enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of ATP –> Products are ADP and a free phosphate

Question 18

Exergonic

Answer 18

energy releasing (negative energy)

Question 19

How many calories/joules are created/released during a single hydrolysis of ATP?

Answer 19

7.3 CALORIES/30.5 KJ

Question 20

What are the 3 ways that we use fuel resources to create energy?

Answer 20

The 3 main energy systems are

1. ATP - PCr (phosphocreatine system)
2. anaerobic glycolysis
3. oxidative phosphorylation

Question 21

Describe the ATP Resynthesis process and the phosphocreatine shuttle process

Answer 21

Phosphocreatine shuttles describes how ATP is resynthesized by enzyme, CK. The product can be ADP + phosphate molecule and/also Creatine. This creates short bursts of energy. But also the resulting creatine can be used/shuttled to mitochondria during aerobic activity which then is again processed by enzyme mitochondrial CK that is resynthesizes to creatine phosphate (PCr)

Question 22

Isoform

Answer 22

highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene or gene family

Question 23

Cytosol

Answer 23

the water soluble components of cell cytoplasm, constituting the fluid portion that remains after removal of the organelle and other intracellular structures. (Creatine kinase from turning ATP into ADP)

Question 24

Isoenzyme

Answer 24

a group of enzymes that catalyze the same rxn but have different enzyme forms and catalytic efficiencies - often found in different parts of the body

Question 25

Glycolysis

Answer 25

the pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate

Question 26

pyruvate

Answer 26

important molecule at the intersection of multiple biochemical pathways

Question 27

GLUT4

Answer 27

glucose transporter found in adipose, skeletal, and cardiac tissue - glucose is transported through GLUT4 and converted into G6P.

Question 28

Glycogenolysis

Answer 28

breakdown of glycogen
**Glycogen must be first broken down to release its glucose molecules (catalyzed by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase)

Question 29

Steps of Glycogen conversion into ATP

Answer 29

Glycogen is broken down and releases glucose molecules (process known as glycogenolysis). the result is G1P which then is converted into G6P, which becomes available for energy.

Question 30

Adrenaline

Question 31

Adrenal medulla

Question 32

Describe the process in which glycogenolysis process is activated in our body

Answer 32

1. Detecting physiological stress in our body
2. Adrenaline release
3. receptor
4. activated proteins (relaying messages to initiate events)
5. Activation of glycogen phosphorylase (enzyme that breaks down the glycogen, releasing glucose)