Chapter 5-Erikson

Question 1

stage 1: Trust versus mistrust (0-1 years)

Answer 1

infant=struggling: nursing, warmth, etc
-The environment influence the formation of trust
Mistrust
-If not resolved, individual may have difficulties establishing trust throughout life
What is strengthened or learned?
Opportunity-“I can trust others”
Danger-Others cannot be trusted
The important relationship in this stage is the mother

Question 2

Stage 1: 3 necessary ingredients for secure attachment

Answer 2

1) Consistent provision of nourishment (food)
2) Body contact that is soft and warm
3) Familiarity

Question 3

Stage 1: Strengthening attachment with youths

Answer 3

1) Consistent and fair interaction with parents/adults (expectations, discipline, etc)
2) Develop adaptive routines (homework, helping at home, etc)
3) Adaptive problem-solving strategies

Question 4

stage 2: Autonomy versus shame and doubt (1-3 years)

Answer 4

• Child is learning that he/she has control over its body (feed itself, play alone, use toliet)
• Autonomous: promote childs ability and capacity to make their own choices
• -> What is strengthened or learned?
• Opportunity: child learns to make decisions
• Danger:doubt their capabilities
• important relationships: parents

Question 5

stage 3: initiative versus guilt (3-5 years)

Answer 5

-promotes initiative
-establishes a sense of initiative
-Learns to plan and carry out actions (at this age-play)
-Allow child to make some age-appropriate plans
–>What is strength or learned?
Opportunity- child learns to initiate plans
Danger- inhibited by guilt (e.g. nuisance)
-important relationships: family

Question 6

Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (5-11 years)

Answer 6

-No longer play
-Previous “play” never evaluated for quality
-Now, child’s “work” is evaluated at home & school
What is strengthened or learned?
Opportunity-learns to be productive
Danger-perceives that he/she is inadequate to peers
-The important relationships: family, neighbours, teachers

Question 7

Stage 5: Identity vs identity confusion (Between 11-18 years of age)

Answer 7

• This one has received the most attention

- Testing roles to figure out: “who am I?”

Question 8

stage 5: four dimensions of identity

Answer 8

Opportunity: four dimensions of identity:

1) Vocation
2) Religion
3) Sexual or gender identity
4) Political

Question 9

Stage 5: Identity outcomes-identity crisis

Answer 9

Not resolved: (unresolved identity outcomes)

1) Diffusion: Spread out
2) Foreclosure: stop searching for identity, adapt that is familiar
ex. firefighters daughter becomes a firefighter
3) Negative identity: Rebellious opposite (adapt)
ex. Police officers daughter becomes a criminal
4) Psychosocial Moratorium: Exploration (undecided what to do), postpone your identity

Question 10

Stage 5: Psychologically healthy activities:

Answer 10

1) asses present identity
2) Resolve earlier issues-epigenetic theory right?
3) Peers-most influential so change or add as needed
4) Moratorium and exploration