Chapter 5: Electrons and Bonding

Question 1

What are shells?

Answer 1

Shells are regarded as energy levels and the energy increases as the shell umber increases. The shell number is called the principal quantum number n.

Question 2

What is an atomic orbital?

Answer 2

An atomic orbital is a region around the nucleus that can hold up to two electrons, with opposite spins.

Question 3

What are s orbitals?

Answer 3

s orbitals hold 2 electrons in their subshell
s orbitals hold 2 electrons in their shell (only on s subshell).
The electron cloud is in the shape of a sphere.

Question 4

What are p orbitals?

Answer 4

p orbitals hold 6 electrons in their subshell
p orbitals hold 8 electrons in their shell (one s and one p subshell)
The electron cloud is in the shape of a dumb-bell

Question 5

What are d orbitals?

Answer 5

d orbitals hold 10 electrons in their subshell

d orbitals hold 18 electrons in their shell (one s one p and one d subshell)

Question 6

What are f orbitals?

Answer 6

f orbitals hold 14 electrons in their subshell

f orbitals hold 32 electrons in their shell (one s one p one d and one f subshell)

Question 7

How do electrons occupy shells?

Answer 7

One electron occupies each orbital before pairing starts to prevent any repulsion between paired electrons until there is not further orbital available at the same energy level.

Question 8

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 8

is the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged positive and negative ions. It occurs between a metal and non-metal.

Question 9

What is a giant ionic lattice?

Answer 9

It contains billions of ions are in a giant repeating structure.

Question 10

Melting point of an ionic substance?

Answer 10

High temperatures are needed to provide lots of energy to overcome the strong electrostatic attractions between the ions.

Question 11

Solubility of ionic compounds?

Answer 11

most ionic compounds dissolve in polar solvents because polar molecules like water breaks the lattice and surrounds each ion in solution.

Question 12

Electrical conductivity of an ionic compound?

Answer 12

In a solid state, ionic compounds does not conduct electricity. But once its melted or dissolved in water, the ionic compound does conduct electricity because the ions are free to move as mobile charge carriers.

Question 13

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 13

is the strong electrostatic bond between the shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the atoms involved. It occurs between two non-metals.

Question 14

Which three elements have more electrons to bond with in the n =3 shell?

Answer 14

phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine

Question 15

What is a dative covalent bond?

Answer 15

is a covalent bond where the shared atoms are from the same elements.

Question 16

Isoelectronic

Answer 16

Two elements have the same electronic configuration

Question 17

What is an allotrope?

Answer 17

The name of different forms of the same elements e.g diamond and graphite