Chapter 5 Definitions

Question 1

kinetic energy

Answer 1

the energy an object possesses by virtue of its motion

Question 2

absolute zero

Answer 2

theoretically, the lowest possible temperature, equal to -273 deg C or -460 deg F. At this point, all atomic and molecular motion ceases

Question 3

divergence

Answer 3

the spreading of a beam or wave

Question 4

medium

Answer 4

a material used to promote the transfer of energy. An object or substance that permits the transmission of energy through it

Question 5

states of matter

Answer 5

physical matter can take three forms: solid, liquid, and gas. Using H2O as example, we see the three states of mater as ice, water, and steam.

Question 6

intra-articular

Answer 6

within a joint

Question 7

cryoglobulinemia

Answer 7

a condition in which abnormal blood proteins, cryoglobulins, group together when exposed to cold. This can lead to skin color changes, hives, subcutaneous hemorrhage, and other disorders.

Question 8

lupus

Answer 8

a chronic disorder of hte boyd’s immune system that affects the skin, joints, internal organs, and neurological system

Question 9

neuralgia

Answer 9

pain following the path of a nerve; a hypersensitive nerve

Question 10

peripheral vascular disease

Answer 10

actuallly, a syndrome describing an insufficiency of arteries or veins for maintaining proper circulation (also known as PVD)

Question 11

Raynaud’s phenomenon

Answer 11

a vascular reaction to cold application or stress that results in a white, red, or blue discoloration of the extremities. The fingers and toes are the first to be affected

Question 12

Urticaria

Answer 12

skin vascular reaction to an irritant characterized by red, itch areas; wheals; or papules. Commonly referred to as “hives”

Question 13

synovium

Answer 13

membrane lining the cpsule of joint

Question 14

vasomotor

Answer 14

muscles and their associated nerves acting on arteries and veins that cause constriction or dilation

Question 15

acetylcholine

Answer 15

neurotranmitter responsible for transmitting motor nerve impulses

Question 16

hypothalamus

Answer 16

the body’s thermoregulatory center

Question 17

hypothermia

Answer 17

decreased core temperature

Question 18

intracellular

Answer 18

within the membrane of a cell

Question 19

impedance plethysmography

Answer 19

a determination of blood flow based on the amount of electrical resistance in the area

Question 20

perfusion

Answer 20

local blood flow that supplies tissues and organs with oxygen and nutrients

Question 21

oxyhemoglobin

Answer 21

hemoglobin taht is carrying oxygen found in the arterial system

Question 22

axonotmesis

Answer 22

damage to nerve tissue without physical severing of the nerve

Question 23

counterirritant

Answer 23

a substance causing irritation of superficial sensory nerves so as to reduce the transmission of pain from underlying nerves

Question 24

neurapraxia

Answer 24

a temporary loss of function in a peripheral nerve

Question 25

alpha-motoneurons

Answer 25

efferent motor neurons that innervate muscle fibers

Question 26

gamma-motoneurons

Answer 26

efferent motor nerves that innervate the intrafusal fibers of a muscle spindle

Question 27

thrombosis

Answer 27

the formation or presence of a blood clot within the vascular system

Question 28

change of state

Answer 28

transformation from one physical state to another (eg, ice to water)

Question 29

compartment syndrome

Answer 29

increased pressure within a muscular compartment, causing decreased blood flow to and from the distal extremity, and decreased distal nerve function and decreased local muscular blood profusion and pain

Question 30

cyanosis (cyanotic)

Answer 30

a blue-gray discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of oxygen

Question 31

pallor

Answer 31

lack of color in the skin

Question 32

hypotension

Answer 32

low blood pressure

Question 33

hypertension

Answer 33

high blood pressure

Question 34

mottling

Answer 34

a blotchy discoloration of the skin

Question 35

neoplasm

Answer 35

abnormal tissue, such as a tumor, that grows at the expense of healthy tissue

Question 36

lactic acid

Answer 36

a cellular waste product produced by muscular contraction or cell metabolism. A fatiguing carbohydrate

Question 37

metabolite

Answer 37

a by-product of metabolism

Question 38

sedation

Answer 38

the result of calming nerve endings