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Biology > Chapter 5: Cell Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Cell Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Fuels

A

Carbon-based molecules whose stored energy can be released for use

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2
Q

What is the most common fuel in organisms?

A

Glucose

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3
Q

How are metabolic pathways regulated?

A

allosteric mechanisms

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4
Q

Cellular Respiration Equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + free energy

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5
Q

How much free energy is involved in cellular respiration

A

-686 kcal/mol

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6
Q

Where is free energy from cellular respiration involved?

A

32ADP +32Pi + free energy -> 32 ATP

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7
Q

Synthesis of ATP is ________

A

endergonic

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8
Q

In synthesis of ATP, ________ provides the energy

A

glucose oxidation

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9
Q

Energy released by exergonic reactions is stored in the bonds of _____

A

ATP

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10
Q

Synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi _______ energy

A

requires

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11
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi _____ energy

A

releases

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12
Q

what is the energy currency of the cell?

A

ATP

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13
Q

Glycolysis

A

glucose is converted to pyruvate

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14
Q

Cellular respiration

A

aerobic and converts pyruvate into H20 and CO2; leads to synthesis of a lot of ATP

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15
Q

Fermentation

A

anaerobic and converts pyruvate into lactic acid or ethanol + CO2; produces a little ATP

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16
Q

Cellular respiration occurs ______ oxygen present and is ______; Fermentation occurs ______ oxygen present and is _____

A

with, aerobic
without, anaerobic

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17
Q

Cellular respiration has ___ oxidation; fermentation has _____ oxidation

A

complete
incomplete

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18
Q

Waste products of Cellular Respiration

A

H2O, CO2

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19
Q

Waste products of Fermentation

A

lactic acid or ethanol, CO2

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20
Q

Cellular Respiration Net Energy Trapped per glucose

A

32 ATP

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21
Q

Fermentation Net Energy Trapped per glucose

A

2 ATP

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22
Q

All glucose oxidation reactions involve _________ reactions

A

electron transfer

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23
Q

Reduction

A

gain of one or more electrons by an atom, ion, or molecule

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24
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of one or more electrons

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25
Q

oxidizing agent

A

the reactant that becomes reduced

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26
Q

reducing agent

A

the reactant that becomes oxidized

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27
Q

Redox: glucose is _____ and oxygen is _____. Explain?

A

oxidized
reduced
All the electrons in glucose are transferred to molecules of oxygen to form water

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28
Q

why does the oxidation of glucose occur in steps?

A

Energy from bonds of glucose is transferred, and it was all released in one step it would fry the cells

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29
Q

What are the functions of the two forms of NAD+

A

NAD+ (oxidized) revieves e- from glucose
NADH (reduced) carries e- from glucose to other molecules in the mitochondria, ultimately on to O2

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30
Q

Reaction Equation of the oxidation of NADH

A

NADH + H+ + (1/2)O2 -> NAD+ + H2O

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31
Q

Reaction Equation of the oxidation of NADH

A

NADH + H+ + (1/2)O2 -> NAD+ + H2O

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32
Q

Steps in Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration

A

Glucose to Pyruvate which is oxidized and enters the citric acid cycle, leaves through electron transport/ATP synthesis, expells waste of CO2 and H2O

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33
Q

Steps in Glycolysis and Fermentation

A

Glucose to pyruvate which goes through fermentation and expells lactate or alcohol

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34
Q

CH bonds have higher/lower free energy than CO bonds. Why?

A

Higher
CH bonds are weaker than CO bonds

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35
Q

Most oxidized/reduced has the highest free energy

A

reduced

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36
Q

Inputs and outputs of glycolysis

A

Inputs: glucose, 2 NAD+, 2 ADP + 2Pi
Outputs: 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

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37
Q

How many reactions are in glycolysis? Which require energy and which create energy?

A

10; 1-5 are energy investment, 6-10 are energy payout

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38
Q

Steps for glucose to pyruvate

A

A six-carbon sugar is cleaved into 2 three carbon sugars (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) which is then converted to pyruvate through substrate-level phosphorylation

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39
Q

What does pyruvate oxidation (decarboxylation) do? Where does it occur?

A

links glycolysis (in the cytoplasm) and the citric acid cycle (in mitochondria); occurs in the liquid mitochondrial matrix

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40
Q

Chemical formula for pyruvate breaking down

A

Pyruvate (3C) -> acetate (2C) + CO2

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41
Q

Characteristics of pyruvate breaking down to acetate

A

CO2 released as waste, NAD+ is reduced to NADH which captures the energy, some energy is stored by combining acetate and Coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl CoA

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42
Q

What is the citric acid cycle?

A

Eight reactions that begin with acetyl CoA; in a steady state, so the concentrations of the intermediates don’t change

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43
Q

Inputs and Outputs of the Citric Acid cycle

A

Inputs: acetyl CoA, electron carriers NAD+ & FAD, GDP
Output: CO2, reduced electron carriers (NADH, FADH2), and GTP (which converts ADP to ATP)

44
Q

Each glucose yields:

A

6 CO2
10 NADH
2 FADH2
4 ATP

45
Q

Reduce electron carriers must be ______ to take part in the glycolysis and citric acid cycle again

A

reoxidized

46
Q

What does oxidative phosphorylation involve

A

proteins and electron carrier molecules imbedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane

47
Q

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A

e- from NADH & FADH2 pass through a respiratory chain of inner membrane carriers

48
Q

What is the ETC made of

A

4 protein complexes, Ubiquinone, cytochrome

49
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC

A

oxygen

50
Q

T/F ETC (complexes I-IV) makes ATP

A

F

51
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Protons (H+) diffuse back into the mitochondria through ATP synthase, a channel protein

52
Q

Where do protons accumulate? What does that create?

A

Protons accumulate in the intermembrane space which creates a charge difference across the membrane – potential energy!

53
Q

What does proton-motive force do?

A

drives protons back across the membrane where they move through the AATP synthase channel, providing energy to phosphorylate ADP

54
Q

T/F ATP leaves the mitochondria once it is made, keeping the concentration high

A

F; ATP leaves the mitochondria once it is made, keeping the concentration LOW

55
Q

How does ATP synthase work?

A

H+ flows from intermembrane space through synthase to matrix; this flow rotates the rotor, driving conformation changes in catalytic knob subunits; shape changes force condensation of ADP + Pi to create ATP

56
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

-occurs in microorganisms, some muscle cells
-pyruvate is the electron acceptor and becomes reduced
-oxidizes NADH back to NAD+ so more glycolysis can occur
-2 lactate is the product, and no additional ATP is made

57
Q

Reactants and products of lactic acid fermentation

A

reactants: glucose, 2 ADP, 2 Pi
products: 2 lactate, 2 ATP

58
Q

Alcoholic Fermentation

A

-yeasts are some plant cells
-requires two enzymes to metabolize pyruvate to ethanol
-CO2 is a waste product
-The intermediate, acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH and H+ producing NAD+ and glycolysis continues

59
Q

Reactants and Products of alcoholic fermentation

A

reactants: glucose, 2 ADP, 2Pi
products: 2 ethanol, 2 CO2, 2 ATP

60
Q

T/F aerobic respiration captures all of the energy released by glucose oxidation but fermentation does not

A

F; neither aerobic respiration or fermentation capture all of the energy released by glucose oxidation

61
Q

In catabolism/anabolism, breakdown products eventually enter the aerobic respiration pathways

A

catabolism

62
Q

T/F Glucose is the only molecule that can be catabolized

A

F

63
Q

What are catabolic pathways

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

64
Q

Carbohydrate catabolic pathway

A

polysaccharides –> monosaccharides

65
Q

Lipid catabolic pathway

A

triglycerides –> glycerol and fatty acids –> acetyl CoA

66
Q

Protein catabolic pathway

A

protiens –> amino acids –> molecules that enter glycolysis

67
Q

nucleic acids catabolic pathway

A

nucelic acids –> nucleotides –> phosphate groups, bases, sugars

68
Q

Anabolic pathways are often ____ of catabolic pathways

A

reversals

69
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

citric acid cycle and glycolysis intermediates are reduced to form glucose

70
Q

Autotroph

A

an organism that is capable of living exclusively on inorganic materials, water, and some energy source such as sunlight

71
Q

Heterotroph

A

organism that requires preformed organic molecules as food

72
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2 + 6H20 –> C6H12O6 +6O2

73
Q

Is photosynthesis exergonic/endergonic? anabolic/catabolic?

A

endergonic, anabolic

74
Q

What are two redox reactions in photosynthesis

A

CO2 is reduced to form carbohydrates
Water is oxidized to form oxygen

75
Q

What is a light reaction?

A

Convert light energy to chemical energy as ATP and NADPH

76
Q

Light-independent reactions

A

Use ATP and NADPH (from light reactions) plus CO2 to produce carbohydrates

77
Q

The energy of light is ______ proportional to it’s wavelength

A

inversely

78
Q

Photons

A

Particles of light

79
Q

What are the three things that can happen to a photon when it meets a molecules

A

scattered (bounces off)
transmitted (passed through)
absorbed (acquires the energy of the photon, the molecule goes from ground state to excited state)

80
Q

T/F The color that we see is the light than an object does not absorb

A

T

81
Q

What colors do plants absorb?

A

red and blue

82
Q

What happens after a molecule is excited?

A

energy can be converted to heat, light, or passed to a nearby molecule by resonance energy transfer

83
Q

Absorption spectrum

A

plot of wavelengths absorbed by a pigment

84
Q

Action spectrum

A

a plot of biological activity as a function of exposure to varied wavelengths of light

85
Q

T/F multiple pigments are used during photosynthesis

A

T; the use of several pigments to absorb light of different wavelengths will broaden the action spectrum

86
Q

What are the main two pigments absorbing light for photosynthesis

A

Chlorophylls and carotenoids; are both quite nonpolar

87
Q

Accessory pigments

A

absorb in red and blue regions, transfer the energy to chlorophyll – cartenoids and phycobilins

88
Q

What do Cilia and Flagella do?

A

move the cell

89
Q

Antenna systems

A

light-harvesting systems in which pigments are arranged

90
Q

What does a photosystem consist of

A

multiple antenna systems and their pigments; surrounds a reaction center

91
Q

How does energy end up in the reaction center?

A

excitation energy passes from pigments that absorb short wavelengths to those that absorb longer wavelengths and end up in the reaction center

92
Q

Key events of light reactions

A
  • photosystem reaction center (Chl) absorbs a photon and becomes excited
    -Chl donates an e- to an acceptor molecule (A)
    -A is the first in a chain of electron carriers in the thylakoid membrane
  • A final electron acceptor is NADP+ and becomes NADPH
93
Q

Photosystem I

A

-light energy reduces NADP+ to NADPH
- Reaction center has P700 chlorophyll a molecules (absorb in the 700 nm range)

94
Q

Photosystem II

A

-light energy oxidizes water –> O2, H+ and electrons
- reaction center has P680 chlorophyll a molecules (Absorb at 680 nm

95
Q

Noncyclic electron transport

A

produces NADPH and ATP; light energy is used to oxidize water –> O2, H+, and electrons

96
Q

Cyclic electron transport

A

produces ATP only

97
Q

What is the process of noncyclic electron transport?

A

light energy oxidizes water, CHI+ is unstable due to excitation by light and takes electrons from water, splitting the water molecule

98
Q

Process of cyclic electron transport

A

An e- from an excited chlorophyll molecule cycles back to the same chlorophyll molecule; begins and ends in PS 1

99
Q

What do non-cyclic and cyclic electron transport drive?

A

photophosphorylation

100
Q

Use of light reaction products to synthesize carbohydrates Steps

A
  • CO2 fixation & Calvin Cycle
  • CO2 is reduced to carbohydrates
  • Enzymes in the stroma use the energy in ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2
101
Q

Steps of the Calvin Cycle

A
  • CO2 is first added to an acceptor molecule
  • the 6C compound breaks into two molecules of 3PG
102
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the intermediate formation in the calvin cycle?

A

rubisco

103
Q

here does the Calvin cycle take place?

A

the stroma

104
Q

What are the two parts of photosynthesis and their roles

A

Light reactions: collect light energy, oxidize water and store energy as ATP and NADPH

105
Q

a

A

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