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Biology > Chapter 11: Gene Regulation > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Gene Regulation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are general purpose (housekeeping) genes

A

Genes that are needed by all cells but are not expressed at all times of the cell cycle

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2
Q

What are specialty function genes?

A

Genes that are needed for response to specific environmental changes of for specialized cell (tissue) functions

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3
Q

What are the types of control points in gene regulation?

A

Transcriptional control, processing control, transport control, translational control, post-translational control

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4
Q

What regulations fall under transcriptional control?

A

DNA accessibility (1) and transcription initiation (2)

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5
Q

What regulations fall under Processing Control?

A

RNA processing (3)

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6
Q

What regulations fall under Transcriptional Control?

A

nuclear export (4) and mRNA stability (5)

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7
Q

What regulations fall under Translational Control?

A

translation (6) – consists of initiation, elongation & termination

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8
Q

What regulations fall under Post-translational Control?

A

protein modification (7) and protein degradation (8)

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9
Q

Between what steps does transcriptional control occur?

A

DNa and RNA transcript

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10
Q

Between what steps does RNA processing control occur?

A

RNA transcript and mRNA

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11
Q

Between what steps does RNA transport control occur?

A

mRNA inside the nucleus and mRNA outside the nucleus (in the cytosol)

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12
Q

Between what steps does translational control occur?

A

mRNA and protein

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13
Q

Between what steps does protein activity control occur?

A

protein and inactive protein

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14
Q

What control types do prokaryotes have?

A

transcriptional control, translation control, and protein activity control

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15
Q

Where does gene expression begin?

A

the promoter, where transcription is initiated

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16
Q

What happens in selective gene transcription?

A

a decision is made about what genes to activate

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17
Q

What is constitutive expression?

A

constant gene transcription

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18
Q

What do regulatory proteins do?

A

control the expression of other genes; most genes are under the control of multiple regulatory proteins

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19
Q

Where does the majority of regulation occur?

A

At transcription

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20
Q

Negative regulation

A

Binding of a repressor protein to DNA preventing transcription; transcription initiation can occur in the absence of the repressor protein

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21
Q

Positive regulation

A

activator protein binds to DNA and stimulates transcription; transcription initiation low in the absence of the activator protein

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22
Q

Prokaryotes generally _______ of a protein when it is not needed

A

stop synthesis

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23
Q

How do prokaryotes stop synthesis (5 ways)

A

repress mRNA transcription
Hydrolyze mRNA, preventing translation
Prevent mRNA translation at the ribosome
Hydrolyze the protein after it is made
Inhibit the protein’s function

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24
Q

What are the energy sources for E coli?

A

Glucose (preferred), lactose (requires synthesis of proteins to take it in and break it down)

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25
Q

What proteins are involved in the uptake and metabolism of lactose?

A

galactoside permease, galactosidase, galactoside transacetylase

26
Q

What does galactoside permease do?

A

A carrier protein that moves lactose into the cell

27
Q

What does galactosidase do?

A

An enzyme that hydrolyses lactose

28
Q

What does galactoside transacetylase do?

A

transfers acetyl groups to certain galactosides

29
Q

What is the inducer for the lac operon?

A

Lactose converted into allolactose

30
Q

When lactose is added, then removed, ______ persists for a while but ____ levels drop instantly. Why?

A

protein persists but mRNA drops. This is because proteins are relatively stable and mRNA are not

31
Q

Lactose metabolism in an example of _________ through ____

A

inducible gene regulation through transcription

32
Q

What are two separate genetic modules in lactose metabolism? What do they code for?

A

1) A gene (i) coding for the lac repressor protein; a negative regulator of the lac operon
2) the lac operon codes for 3 structural proteins needed for the utilization of lactose

33
Q

The structural genes needed to utilize lactose are ____ on the E coli chromosome, share a single _____ and are encoded on a single _____ with different sites of ________

A

adjacent
promoter
transcript
translation initiation

34
Q

What is the operon under coordinate control from?

A

The promoter and operator

35
Q

What is the promoter?

A

the region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription

36
Q

What is the operator?

A

the region of DNA between the promoter and the structural genes that is bound by the lac repressor

37
Q

What does a repressor protein do when the inducer is absent?

A

binds to the operator to block transcription of the operon (by preventing RNA polymerase from initiating at the promoter)

38
Q

What inactivates the repressor? What happens as a result?

A

An inducer; the inactive repressor is unable to bind the operator so RNA polymerase can bind at the promoter and initiate transcription

39
Q

What type of system is lactose metabolism?

A

An inducible system

40
Q

How does a repressor protein express negative control

A

by blocking transcription when bound at the Operator; the repressor able to bind in the absence of the inducer (lactose and operon is turned off (repressed)

41
Q

How do inducers show negative control?

A

they change repressor proteins so that they are unable to bind at the Operator; the operon is available for transcription; when the inducer (lactose) is present operon is turned on (expressed)

42
Q

What happens in terms of protein synthesis when both lactose and glucose are present?

A

the lac operon can transcribe, but transcription is not activated. Only a small amount of protein is synthesized

43
Q

What are the two types of operons?

A

Inducible (catabolic) operons (ex. lac operon)
Repressible (anabolic) operons (ex. trp operon)

44
Q

Inducible operon

A

the substrate (inducer) for a catabolic enzyme binds to repressor and changes it so it cannot bind the operator – transcription is on

45
Q

Repressible operon

A

end product of the anabolic pathway acts as a co-repressor to allow repressor to bind operator and repress transcription – transcription is off

46
Q

In trp, the enyzyme produces ____ which is also the ____ exemplifying the _____ operon

A

tryptophan
co-represser
repressible

47
Q

What are operons

A

Genes that encode proteins that are involved in the same metabolic pathway

48
Q

T/F Sequences at and near the promoter control transcription initiation through interactions with regulatory proteins

A

F; Sequences at and near the promoter control transcription initiation through interactions with transcription factors

49
Q

Describe initiation of transcription in Eukaryotes

A

TFIID binds to the TATA box; other transcription factors bind to form a transcription complex. The transcription factors must assemble on the chromosome before RNA polymerase is recruited to the promoter

50
Q

Where do transcription factors act?

A

eukaryotic promoters

51
Q

What are eukaryotic promoters?

A

regions of DNA where RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription

52
Q

What are the two important sequences in RNA transcription

A

recognized by RNA polymerase

53
Q

TATA box

A

where DNA begins to unwind and expose the template strand

54
Q

How does genetic control of sex determination work>

A

The default development is female; there is an SRY transcription factor that is only on Y alleles, so when a Y is present, SRY is present and starts encoding for a male

55
Q

What does SRY bind to

A

Response element

56
Q

When is gene expression coordinated?

A

If the different genes have the same regulatory sequences that bind the same transcription factors

57
Q

What does the SRY protein do to DNA?

A

It binds DNA at the sequence 5’-ATAACAAT-3’ and bends the DNA in that region to change the openness of chromatin

58
Q

Is enhancers a positive or negative regulator? Silencers?

A

Enhancers are positive; silencers are negative

59
Q

What is the first thing to bind to the promoter that all other transcription factors bind to?

A

Basal transcription apparatus

60
Q

What do enhancers and silencers do to DNA?

A

They loop the DNA and the enhancer/silencer binds to the basal transcription apparatus and all transcription factors that are with it

61
Q

When does DNA form condensed chromatin and how does that affect transcription?

A

When DNA is wrapped around histones, proteins form condensed chromatin, which is inaccessible for transcription

Biology (12 decks)

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