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NPP > Chapter 5: Catecholamines > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Catecholamines Flashcards

1
Q

NE or DA: Working memory, behavior, motivation.

A

DA

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2
Q

NE or DA: Sustained attention/alertness, response to environmental stimuli

A

NE

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3
Q

NE or DA: Attention.

A

both

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4
Q

Adrenaline refers to…

A

NE and EPI

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5
Q

Adrenergic/nonadrenergic refer to…

A

NE and EPI

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6
Q

Dopaminergic refers to…

A

DA

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7
Q

Secretion of NE and EPI:

A

NE: adrenal medulla or brain (LC)

EPI: adrenal medulla

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8
Q

Secretion of DA:

A

within the brain, in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or the substantia nigra (SN)

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9
Q

Catecholamine synthesis begins with […] AA.

A

tyrosine

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10
Q

Dopaminergic neurons have tyrosine […] and […] AA […].

A

hydroxylase (TH); aromatic; decarboxylase

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11
Q

Nonadrenergic neurons have…

A

TH, AADC, and DBH

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12
Q

What is the importance of TH in regards to synthesis?

A

TH is the rate-limiting enzyme in the pathway and determines the overall rate of DA and NE synthesis

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13
Q

Activity of TH is regulated by several factors:

A
  1. stress; NE neurons are highly active and stimulates TH for synthesis
  2. cell firing; stimulates TH through phosphorylation of the enzyme by 2nd messengers and protein kinases
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14
Q

Catecholamine synthesis can be increased by administering […] such as tyrosine or […].

A

precursor; L-DOPA

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15
Q

Tyrosine and L-DOPA are used to treat…

A

Parkinson’s disease

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16
Q

What blocks and prevents TH synthesis?

A

AMPT: alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine

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17
Q

Beta-hydroxylase is present only in cells that use […] as a NT.

A

NE

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18
Q

T/F: Catecholamines are packaged into vesicles.

A

true

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19
Q

What transports the vesicles containing catecholamines?

A

VMAT: vesicular monoamine transporter

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20
Q

VMAT can be blocked by the drug […].

A

reserpine

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21
Q

If DA and NE are not protected in vesicles, […] occurs, their […] which causes strong […] and […].

A

breakdown; levels drop; sedation; depression

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22
Q

Catecholamine theory of depression: Administration of DOPA could…

A

reverse the effects of strong sedation, depression, and breakdown of DA and NE

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23
Q

Catecholamines are normally released by […] when a […] reaches the axon terminal.

A

exocytosis; nerve impulse

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24
Q

Drugs that affect the release of catecholamines:

A

amphetamine and methamphetamine

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25
Q

At low doses of amphetamine/methamphetamine…

A

increased locomotor activity

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26
Q

At higher doses of amphetamine/methamphetamine…

A

stereotyped behaviors

repetitive head and limb movements, intense sniffing, licking, biting

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27
Q

[…] inhibit catecholamine release (receptor).

A

autoreceptors

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28
Q

Autoreceptors found on catecholamine neurons enhance to opening of […].

A

K+ voltage-gated channels

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29
Q

Autoreceptors open voltage gates that reduce the […] via VGCCS and thus […].

A

Ca2+ influx; vesicle exocytosis

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30
Q

Somatodendritic autoreceptors inhibit NT release indirectly by…

A

reducing the rate of firing of the cell

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31
Q 
VGCCs = [...]
VDCCs = [...]
A

voltage gated calcium channels

voltage dependent calcium channels

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32
Q

Does neuron firing patterns influence catecholamine release? If so say how.

A

yes; by two modes

  1. single-spiking mode
  2. burst-spiking mode
33
Q

Single-spiking mode:

A

cell generates action potentials that appear at irregular intervals

34
Q

Burst-spiking mode:

A

involved trains of 2-20 spikes at a higher frequency

35
Q

Single-spiking mode of neuron firing pattern can also be called:

A

tonic release of DA

36
Q

Bursts-spiking mode of neuron firing pattern can also be called:

A

phasic release of DA

37
Q

The DA autoreceptor:

The NE autoreceptor:

A

D2 subtype

alpha2 subtype

38
Q

Mutant mice with no D2 autoreceptors were […] and […] to cocaine.

A

more active; more sensitive

39
Q

What do drug autoreceptor agonists do?

A

inhibit catecholamine release

40
Q

What do drug autoreceptor antagonists do?

A

enhance catecholamine release

41
Q

Clonidine […] autoreceptors and […] NE release. […] withdraw symptoms and drug cravings in opioid-dependent patients.

A

stimulates; decreases; decreases

42
Q

Yohimbine […] autoreceptors and thus […] NE release. […] withdraw symptoms and drug cravings in opioid-dependent patients.

A

block; increases; increases

43
Q

Reuptake of catecholamines:

A

DA and NE move from the synaptic cleft into the nerve terminal via membrane transporters

44
Q

Breakdown of catecholamines involved which 3 methods?

A
  1. enzyme-mediated breakdown
  2. COMT inhibitors
  3. MAO inhibitors
45
Q

What are the two mechanisms of catecholamine inactivations

A
  1. reuptake of catecholamines

2. breakdown of catecholamines

46
Q

Dopamine neurons originate in which two brain regions?

A
  1. substantia nigra (SN)

2. ventral tegmental area (VTA)

47
Q

DA forms several pathways with distinct functions, some of them include (3)…

A
  1. nigrostriatal
  2. mesolimbic
  3. mesocortical
48
Q

Nigrostriatal pathway: axons from […] extend to the […].

A

SN; caudate-putamen

49
Q

The function of the nigrostriatal pathway:

Damage to this can lead to what disease?

A

facilitates voluntary movement

Parkinson’s

50
Q

Mesolimbic pathway: From […] to the […]. Also from […] to various regions of the limbic system, including the […] and amygdala.

A

VTA; nucleus accumbens; VTA; hippocampus

  • *nucleus accumbens (NAc)
  • *hippocampus (HPC)
  • *amygdala (AMYG)
51
Q

Function of mesolimbic pathway (2):

A

NAc projection: reward learning

HPC/AMYG: learning, anxiety, depression

52
Q

Mesocortical pathway: From […] to […].

A

VTA; cortical areas

53
Q

Cortical areas consist of what two cortexes?

A

prefrontal and cingulate

54
Q

Function of mesocortical pathway:

A

aversive learning

55
Q

The best-known role for DA is […].

A

reward learning

56
Q

T/F: VTA DA populations are activated by stressful/aversive stimuli.

A

yes; there are different subsets of VTA neurons

57
Q

DA receptor subtypes: How many are there?

58
Q

DA receptor subtypes: Which 2 are most similar?

A

D1 &5 (D1 like receptors)

59
Q

D2 like receptors:

60
Q

All DA receptor subtypes are […].

A

metabotropic

61
Q

DA receptor subtypes: Are found at which sites?

A 
D1 = postsynaptic
D2 = postsynaptic (pre for autoreceptors not metabotropic)
62
Q

DA receptor subtypes: Gs/Gi/Gq

A 
D1 = Gs
D2 = Gi
D3 = 
D4 = 
D5 = 
D6 =
63
Q

Noradrenergic neurons originate in…

A

locus coeruleus (LC)

64
Q

T/F: Noradrenergic neurons send axons everywhere.

A

true; the brain, spinal cord, cerebellum

65
Q

LC is a small […] in the […] (region of the brainstem).

A

nucleus; pons

66
Q

Adrenergic receptors are […] with 2 subtypes […] and […].

A

metabotropic; alpha; beta

67
Q

NE receptors: a2 receptors inhibit […] and reduce synthesis of […].

A

adenylyl cyclase; cAMP

68
Q

NE receptors: a1 receptors operate via […] 2nd messenger system.

A

phosphoinostitide

69
Q

NE receptors: beta1-2 stimulate […] and enhance synthesis of […].

A

adenylyl cyclase; cAMP

70
Q

Some of the main roles of the noradrenergic system:

A
  1. behavioral
  2. arousal
  3. cognition
  4. memory consolidation
  5. emotional experiences (stress)
  6. wakefulness (rapid fire during sleep)
71
Q

Selective a1 receptor agonist:

A

phenylephrine

72
Q

Non-selective b-receptor agonist:

A

isoproterenol

73
Q

Locus coeruleus projections to […] play crucial roles for cognitive functions such as […] and […].

A

prefrontal cortex; working memory; attention

74
Q

Clonidine and guanfacine activate […]. They […] memory.

A

a2 receptors; enhance

75
Q

Activation of a1 receptors in the PFC has a […] effect on cognitive functions.

A

deleterious

76
Q

Increased NE associated with stress increases […] activation, which can lead to […].

A

a1 receptor; cognitive impairment

77
Q

[…] plays an important role in the consolidation of emotional memories.

78
Q

Enhance of memory consolidation = […] EPI + […] NE

A

increased; increase

79
Q

Beta-blockers are […] antagonists which can be used to treat […].

A

beta receptor; axiety

NPP (9 decks)

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