Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NPP > Chapter 2: Structure and Function of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Structure and Function of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Embryonic stem cells destined to form the nervous system become two primary types: […]

A

neurons and glial cells (supporting cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Glial cells provide (3)…

A

metabolic support, protection, and insulation for neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sensory neurons are sensitive to […].

A

environmental stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Interneurons consist of…

A

nerve cells within the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Interneurons form complex interacting neural circuits and are responsible for (5)…

A
  1. conscious sensation
  2. recognition
  3. memory
  4. decision making
  5. cognition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Motor neurons direct a […] appropriate for the situation.

A

biobehavioral response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Neurons have what three major external features?

A
  1. soma
  2. dendrites
  3. axon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Neurons are enclosed by a […] and are filled with salty, gelatinous fluid– […].

A

semipermeable membrane; cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T/F: Neurons have mitochondria.

A

true; they contain a lot because of the energy (ATP) requirement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Synapse:

A

gap between dendrites and the soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Convergence:

A

when a neuron receives and integrates a vast amount of information from many cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Divergence:

A

when integrated information is transmitted to a few neurons or to thousands of other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dendrites are usually covered with short […] this dramatically increases the receiving […].

A

dendritic spines; surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T/F: Dendrites and their spines exhibit constant modification.

A

true due to new associations with external interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do the dendrites in someone who is intellectually impaired appear?

A

smaller and immature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the appearance of dendrites/dendritic spines of someone who has schizophrenia:

A

dendritic size is normal; dendritic spine density is reduced

*particularly in the prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Axons transmit information that is generated by the […].

A

axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Axon collaterals:

A

branching of neuron ends to influence many more cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

At the end of axons, there are small enlargements called […] which are located near the […] or […] of other cells.

A

terminal buttons; dendrites; somas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Terminal buttons are also called:

A

axon terminals or boutons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is contained in terminal buttons?

A

synaptic vesicles of neurochemicals called neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is myelin created?

A

concentric layers of glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the two types of glial cells that create myelin sheath?

A
  1. Schwann cells

2. oligodendroglia cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Schwann cells myelinate […] that serves […], organs, and […].

A

peripheral nerves; muscles; glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Nodes of Ranvier:

A

bare spots along the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The thicker the myelin…

A

the quicker the conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does myelination save energy?

A

reducing the effort required to restore the neuron to its resting state after transmission of the electrical signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

MS is an […] disease in which the immune system attacks a […] in the […] produced by […] only.

A

autoimmune; protein; myelin; oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

MS symptoms:

A

fatigue, numbness, poor coordination/balance, vision problems, bladder, bowel, and sexual dysfunction, cognitive function, and depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The cell body is responsible for the […] of the neuron.

A

metabolic care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

One of the most important functions of the soma is the synthesis of […] which are needed throughout the cell for […] and […].

A

proteins; growth; maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the proteins included in the soma’s synthesis?

A
  1. enzymes
  2. receptors
  3. components of the cell membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Chromosomes:

A

long strands of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Genes:

A

small portions of chromosomes that code for the manufacture of a specific protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Transcription factors are […] that direct […].

A

nuclear proteins; protein production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where do transcription factors bind?

A

promoter region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

DNA methylation:

A

attachment of methyl group to a gene that causes a decrease in expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Epigenetic modification. Is this pre or postnatal?

A

both; modifications can be created and passed on to future generations depending on the external conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are some of the external conditions that can cause epigenetic modifications?

A
  1. stress
  2. abuse
  3. starvation/overeating
  4. environmental toxins

etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Explain epigenetic modifications a child could experience if they’re overeating.

A

the child will undergo modifications that over-expresses the genes for obesity and under-expresses those for longevity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

T/F: Maternal experiences influence the fetus.

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

T/F: Environmental events occurring before conception can also impact the health/behavior of offspring.

A

true

a stressed parent before conception can contribute to mental and physical difficulties of the offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Axoplasmic transport:

A

transportation of proteins produced in the soma of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What does axoplasmic depend on?

A

cytoskeleton structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Cytoskeleton: a matrix composed of […]. These include […] and […] that form a mesh-like mass that provides shape of the cell.

A

tubular structures; microtubules; neurofilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Microtubules run […] down the axon. It provides a […] along which small packets of newly synthesized […] are carried by specialized […].

A

longitudinally; stationary track; proteins; motor proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Newly synthesized proteins are packaged in the […] and transported in an […] toward the axon terminals.

A

soma; anterograde direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Abnormalities of the cytoskeleton constitute one of several pathological features of the brain in people with…

A

Alzheimer’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles:

A

found in people who have Alzheimer’s

hyperphosphorylation causes tau to separate from the microtubules and leads to entanglement of the usually parallel tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles evidently lead to the microtubules becoming…

A

disintegrated and destroys the material transport system which stops neuron communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Because the membrane is not […] to charged molecules, special devices are needed to move molecules such as […], […], and metabolic products across the membrane.

A

readily permeable; amino acids; glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Special devices to move molecules (AA; GLU; metabolites) are…

A

transporter proteins and charged particles/ion channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Ion channels are […] molecules that penetrate through the cell membrane and have a […] through which ions pass.

A

protein; water-filled pore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

List the 3 ways that ion channels allow passage.

A
  1. ligand binds to receptor on the channel
  2. voltage gate opened due to electrical potential across the membrane near the channel is altered
  3. modification of a channel by a secondary messenger (phosphate group)
55
Q

Ion channel important characteristics:

A
  1. relatively specific for particular ions

2. normally closed that are momentarily open by specific stimuli

56
Q

List the two types of channels:

A
  1. ligand gated

2. voltage gated

57
Q

Direction of ion travel across a membrane:

A

high to low concentration

58
Q

If an open gate allows the passage of Na, Cl, and Ca to enter the cell, what moves out?

A

K

59
Q

Glial cells have a significant role in neuron function because they provide […] to neurons, maintain the […] of neurons, and provide […] function.

A

physical support; chemical environment; immunological

60
Q

What are the 4 principal types of glial cells?

A
  1. oligodendroglia
  2. Schwann cells
  3. astrocytes
  4. microglia
61
Q

Schwann cells produce myelin sheath for the […] while oligodendroglia produces for the […].

A

PNS; CNS

62
Q

Each oligodendroglia in the […] send out […] that wrap around segments of […] nearby axons to form myelin sheath.

A

CNS; multiple sheetlike arms; multiple

63
Q

Which myelin sheath producer releases nerve growth factors when an axon is damaged or needs to grow?

A

Schwann cells

64
Q

Describe astrocytes:

A

large, star-shaped cells that have numerous extensions

65
Q

Astrocytes […] with neurons and provide […]; in addition, they help to maintain the […] around neurons and modulate the […] as well by taking up excess […] that might otherwise damage cells.

A

intertwine; structural support; ionic environment; chemical environment; neurochemicals

66
Q

Which glial cell is most likely to help necessary material to move from the blood to nerve cells?

A

astrocytes

67
Q

Microglial:

A

small scavengers that collect at sites of neuron damage to remove dying cells

68
Q

Which glial cell is the primary source of immune response in the CNS?

A

microglial

69
Q

Which glial cell is responsible for the inflammation reaction that occurs after brain damage?

A

microglia

70
Q

Which glial cell inhibits re-growth of axons following neuron damage?

A

oligodendroglia

71
Q

Which glial cell performs gliosis?

A

astrocytes

72
Q

Which glial cell provides a channel to guide axons to target?

A

Schwann cells

73
Q

Which glial cell has a potential role in the etiology of schizophrenia?

A

microglia

74
Q

When the normal resting electrical charge of a neuron is distributed sufficiently by incoming signals from other cells…

A

a threshold is reached that initiates the action potential to convey a message along the axon to the terminal

75
Q

Resting membrane potential:

A

electrical charge inside the cell

76
Q

The inside of the neuron is more […] than the outside, making the neuron […] in its resting state.

A

negative; polarized

77
Q

What would the voltmeter read when measuring the inside resting potential?

A

-70 mV

78
Q

What is responsible for creating a membrane potential?

A

uneven distribution of ions and selective permeability of the membrane

79
Q

If the inside is more negative at the resting potential, what contributes to the negative charge?

A

negatively charged AA and proteins that cannot leave the cell

80
Q

Electrostatic potential explains why…

A

K ion is pulled into the cell

81
Q

Equilibrium potential for potassium:

A

when the two forces on K are balance

inward electrostatic pressure and outward concentration gradient

82
Q

For every 3 ions of Na pumped out…

A

two K ions are pumped in

83
Q

Na-K pump:

A

energy dependent pump that contributes to the resting potential

84
Q

Which ion has a greater ability to move freely through ungated channels?

A

K

85
Q

Action potential can be generated when the membrane potential…

A

is changed from -70 mV to the threshold for firing -50 mV

86
Q

What happens at -50mV?

A

voltage-gated Na channels open and generate a rapid change in membrane potential

87
Q

List characteristics of hyperpolarization (5):

A
  1. more negative inside the cell
  2. membrane potential is farther from threshold
  3. ISPS caused by Cl channel open/entry
  4. ISPS cause by K channel open/entry
  5. greater stimulation produces larger hyperpolarizations
88
Q

List characteristics of depolarization (4):

A
  1. more positive inside the cell
  2. membrane potential moves toward threshold
  3. EPSP caused by Na channel open/entry
  4. greater stimulation produces larger polarizations
89
Q

Local potentials are induced by…

A

small, local changes in ion distribution/electrical potential differences

90
Q

If Na ions enter the cell the membrane potential is brought closer to…

A

reaching the threshold for firing

91
Q

Depolarization is […] and hyperpolarization is […].

A

excitatory; inhibitory

92
Q

Neurotransmitters act on the […] membrane.

A

postsynaptic

93
Q

List the significant characteristics of local potentials:

A
  1. graded– the larger the stimulus, the greater is the magnitude of hyper/depolarization
  2. rapidly decay once the stimulus stops
  3. integration– summation; they can add to amplify change or cancel each other out
94
Q

Where in the neuron does integration occur?

A

within the axon hillock

95
Q

The summation of local potentials at the axon hillock is responsible for generation of the […].

A

action potential

96
Q

At the voltage -50mV, the […] occurs, causing […] ions to be driven in the cell and changing the membrane potential to […].

A

action potential; Na; +40mV

97
Q

Absolute refractory period is the time that…

A

the Na ion channels are closed and cannot be open, regardless of the amount of excitation

98
Q

What is the maximum number of action potentials that can occur?

A

1200 impulses/second

99
Q

During the rising phase, the change in membrane potential due to […] entry causes the voltage-gated […] channels to open and move […] of the cell.

A

Na ion; K ion; K ions

100
Q

The membrane potential actually […] the resting potential. This means the membrane is […] for a short amount of time.

A

overshoots; hyperpolarized

101
Q

What can relieve the membrane when it is hyperpolarized?

A

Until the excess K ion diffuses away or is exchanged for Na ion by the Na-K pump

102
Q

The brief hyperpolarizing phase is called the …

A

relative refractory period

103
Q

T/F: The size of an action potential is related to the amount of stimulation.

A

false the two are unrelated (all-or-none)

104
Q

Does the action potential decrease in size as it moves down an axon?

A

no, it is nondecremental

105
Q

In myelinated axons (compared to unmylelinated), the speed of conduction is as much as […] times quicker.

A

15

106
Q

Saltatory conduction:

A

the jump of conduction along a myelinated axon; action potential occurs only at the nodes of Ranvier in these types of axons

107
Q

Myelinated axons use […] energy because the Na/K pump only has to work […].

A

less; at the nodes rather than all along the axon

108
Q

Anesthetics impair axonal conduction by…

A

blocking voltage-gated Na channels

109
Q

Blocking the Na channel means an […] cannot occur, and transmission of the pain signal cannot […].

A

action potential; reach the brain

110
Q

Several antiepileptic drugs also block […] channels. It […] to close these channels so it can prolong the […] state of the channel, slowing down the […].

A

Na ion; selectively binds; refractory; firing rate

111
Q

PNS can be divided into:

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

112
Q

Somatic nervous system:

A

controls voluntary muscles with both spinal nerves and cranial nerves

113
Q

Autonomic nervous system:

A

autonomic nerves and some cranial nerves that control the function of organs and glands (EDIT)

114
Q

The autonomic nervous system has both the…

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

115
Q

The somatic nervous system can be referred to […] nerves as each spinal nerve consists of […] or […] neurons.

A

sensory; motor

116
Q

Within each mixed nerve, sensory information is carried from the […] and from […] into the […] of the spinal cord by neurons that have their cell bodies in the […]. These are known as […].

A

surface of the body; muscles; dorsal horn; dorsal root ganglion; sensory afferents

117
Q

Mixed nerves also have motor neurons, which are cells beginning in the […] of the spinal cord and ending on […]. These are called […] and are responsible for […].

A

ventral horn; skeletal muscles; motor efferents; voluntary movements

118
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates organs in the viscera?

A

X; the vagus nerve

119
Q

The vagus nerve consists of …

A

both sensory and motor neurons

120
Q

What do the nerves in the ANS regulate?

A

the internal environment; innervate smooth muscles (heart, intestine, urinary bladder, glands)

121
Q

ANS purpose:

A

control functions that provide/conserve energy appropriate to the environmental needs of the organism

122
Q

List the two divisions of the ANS:

A
  1. sympathetic

2. parasympathetic

123
Q

Sympathetic division predominates when…

A

energy expenditure is necessary; times of stress, excitment, and exertion

124
Q

Fight or flight is what division of the nervous system?

A

sympathetic

125
Q

Parasympathetic division predominates at times when…

A

energy reserves can be conserved and stored for later use

126
Q

What are some examples of the parasympathetic division at work?

A

increase of salivation, digestion, storage of glucose and other nutrients and also slows heart rate and decreases respiration

127
Q

What are some examples of the sympathetic division at work?

A

increases heart rate and blood pressure, stimulates secretion of adrenaline, increases blood flow to skeletal muscles

128
Q

In contrast, the cell bodies of efferent parasympathetic neurons are located either in the […] or in the […] of the spinal cord in the […].

A

brain; ventral horn; sacral region

129
Q

Which cranial nerves are efferent parasympathetic?

A

3, 7, 9, 10

130
Q

Preganglionic fiber release […]..

A

acetylcholine

131
Q

The delicate tissues that layer the brain and spinal cord are also known as […].

A

meninges

132
Q

List the 3 meninges:

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid
  3. pia mater
133
Q

Dura mater:

A

toughest and outermost layer

134
Q

Arachnoid:

A

just below the dura, membrane with a web-like sublayer filled with CSF (subarachnoid)

NPP (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions