Chapter 5: Cardiorespiratory & Support Systems Flashcards
CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Combination of cardiovascular system & respiratory system
- Transports oxygen & nutrients to the cells
- Remove waste (carbon dioxide) from the body
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Heart, bloodstream & blood vessels
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- Delivery of oxygen & nutrients
- Removal of carbon dioxide & metabolic wastes
- Transport hormones
- Maintenance of body temperature
- Prevents infection
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Lungs & respiratory pathways
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
System that circulates blood & lymph through the body
- 2 parts:
1. Cardiovascular System- heart, blood, & blood vessels
2. Lymphatic System- lymph, lymphatic vessels, &
glands
ATRIUM
2 upper cavities of the heart from which blood is passed to the ventricles
- Collection
VENTRICLE
One of 2 lower chambers of the heart, below the left & right atria
- Distribution
SYSTEMIC VEINS
Veins that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
- Deliver deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
PULMONARY VEIN
One of the veins that transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart (left atrium)
FLOW OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART
Left Side:
- Receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs
- Send blood to the body to deliver oxygen
Right Side:
- Receives oxygen poor blood from the body
- Sends blood to the lungs to be oxygenated
VEIN
Tubes forming part of the blood circulation system
- Usually carries oxygen depleted blood toward the heart
AORTA
Main artery of body
- Supplies oxygenated blood to the circulatory system
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
Large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart from the lower body
- Blood is oxygen-poor from distributing oxygen to cells throughout the body to support metabolism
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
Large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart from the head, arms, & upper body
- Blood is oxygen-poor from distributing oxygen to cells throughout the body to support metabolism
PULMONARY ARTERY
Artery carrying blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation
- Also drops off metabolic waste products to be expelled
SINATRIAL NODE (SA NODE)
Small cluster of cells in the heart located in the right atrium
- Generates the electrical impulses responsible for the heartbeat, causing the heart to contract
CARDIAC CYCLE
One alternating contraction & relaxation of the heart during one heartbeat, from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next
- Contraction Phase= Systole
- Relaxation Phase= Diastole
DIASTOLE
- All heart muscle in relaxation
- All heart valves closed
- Blood returns to atria
ATRIAL SYSTOLE
- Atria in contraction
- AV Valves are open
- Blood into ventricles
VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE
- Ventricles in contraction
- Semilunar Valves are open
- Blood passes to arteries
HEART RATE (HR)
Speed of the heartbeat
- Measured by number of contractions (beats) in one minute (Beats Per Minute= BPM)
- Changes are facilitated by Cardiac Center of the Medulla Oblongata
FACTORS INFLUENCING HEART RATE
Change in nervous system response= changes in HR
- Emotional state
- Sleep & Circadian Rhythm
- Age
- Current body position (sitting v. standing)
- Body composition
- Body temperature
ARTERY
Muscular-walled tubes forming part of circulation system by which blood (mainly oxygenated) is sent from the heart to all parts of the body
VENULE
Very small vein
- Collects deoxygenated blood from capillaries
PULSE
Rhythmical throbbing of the arteries as blood is propelled through
- Typically felt in wrists or neck, but can be found anywhere an artery is close to the surface of the skin & rests against something solid (bone, tendon, or ligament)
STROKE VOLUME
Amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction
- Exercise strengthens the heart & increases stroke volume, so the heart doesn’t need to beat as frequently to circulate blood (lower HR)
BLOOD PRESSURE
Pressure of the blood in the circulatory system; good measure for diagnosis because it’s closely related to the force & rate of the heartbeat & diameter & elasticity of arterial walls
- Normal= 120/80mmHg
- High= 140/90mm/Hg
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE
Pressure on walls of arteries during heart’s contraction
- Top/first number on BP reading
- Normal= 120mmHg
DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
Pressure on walls of arteries during heart’s relaxation
- Bottom/second number on BP reading
- Normal= 80mmHg
TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS
- Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- Carry oxygen from lungs to the body
- Carry carbon dioxide from the body back to lungs
- White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- Fights bacteria, viruses, & foreign cells/organisms
- Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Factor in blood clotting
PLASMA
Liquid portion of blood
- Made of: water, protein, sugar & fat particles
- Comprises about 55% of blood volume
LYMPH
Colorless fluid, containing leukocytes; created when blood plasma flows through capillary walls
- Bathes the tissue & drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream
INTERSTITIAL FLUID
Substance that fills the spaces between cells
- Composed of: water, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, coenzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, & cellular products
ROLES OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
- Balance body fluids
- Absorb fat-soluble nutrients
- Defend against illness & disease
LYMPHOCYTE
Form of leukocyte with 1 round nucleus
- Occurs in the lymphatic system
MACROPHAGE
Large phagocytic cell, found in stationary form in tissues or as mobile white blood cell
- Found especially at sites of infection
T-LYMPHOCYTES
Type of white blood cell, managed & matured in Thymus, that helps the immune system defend against disease & infection
- Fights infected cells marked by B-Lymphocytes
B-LYMPHOCYTES
Type of white blood cells not processed by Thymus, work with T-Lymphocytes to fight infection
- Responsible for producing antibodies & marking foreign cells for destruction by T-Lymphocytes
METABOLIC PROCESSES
Organic processes by which organisms obtain energy for life
- Respiratory system provides oxygen (essential)
INSPIRATION
Process of pulling oxygen through airways
EXHALATION
Process of pushing carbon dioxide out through airways
STRUCTURES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- Nose & nasal cavities
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
PULMONARY VENTILATION
Process of exchange of air between the lungs & ambient air; breathing
- Air travels from outside the body, through nose/mouth, down through pharynx, past larynx to trachea, through trachea to left & right bronchi, & into left & right lungs
PHARYNX
Membrane-lined cavity behind the nose & mouth; throat
- Connects nose & mouth to the esophagus
TRACHEA
Large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from larynx to bronchial tubes; windpipe
- Carries air to & from lungs
DIFFUSION
Passive movement of molecules/particles along a concentration gradient
- From area of high concentration to area of low concentration
THORACIC CAVITY
Chest cavity, enclosed by ribs, vertebral column, & sternum
- Separated from abdominal cavity by the diaphragm
INTRA-ALVEOLAR PRESSURE
Pressure of the air within the alveoli; changes during different phases of breathing
- Inspiration: decrease alveolar pressure (air sucked in)
- Expiration: increase alveolar pressure (air forced out)
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
Exchange of gases between the alveoli of lungs & the blood
ALVEOLI
Tiny air sacs in the lungs that allow for rapid gas exchange
Surrounded by capillaries
- Oxygen from alveoli moves to the blood via diffusion
- Carbon dioxide from blood moves to alveoli for removal during expiration
HEMOGLOBIN
Red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood
- Carries oxygen & carbon dioxide to/from cells
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
Process of diffusing oxygen from the blood into interstitial fluid & into cells
- Exchange between blood in capillaries & tissue cells
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
1 adenosine molecule bonded to 3 phosphate groups; present in all living tissue
- Provides energy for muscle contractions & other physiological processes
VITAL CAPACITY
Greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking deepest breath possible
- Measures functional capacity of lungs
TIDAL VOLUME
Lung volume, represented by the volume of air displaced between normal inhalation & exhalation; no extra effort applied
- Increases during exercise
MINUTE VENTILATION
Volume of gas inhaled (inhaled minute volume) or exhaled (exhaled minute volume) from a person’s lungs, per minute
VO2 MAX
Maximum amount of Oxygen (O2) the body can use during a specified period of intense exercise
- The O2 the body can use during exercise, the more ATP can be produced to fuel the exercise
MELATONIN
Hormone secreted by the Pineal Gland
- Inhibits formation of melanin
- Functions in sleep/wake cycles
STEROIDS
Any of a large class of organic compounds with molecular structure of 4 rings of Carbon atoms - Lipid hormones; can diffuse across the plasma membrane into the phospholipid bilayer of cells - Hormones: Sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone) Adrenal Cortex hormones (aldosterone & cortisol)
ESTROGEN
Any of a group of steroids that promote development & maintenance of female characteristics
- Can be produced artificially for use in oral contraceptives or treatment of menopausal & menstrual disorders
GASTRIN
Hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric juices into bloodstream by the stomach wall in response to food
- Controls process of digestion in 3 ways:
- Cephalic Phase
- Gastric Phase
- Intestinal Phase
