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ISSA Strength & Conditioning > Chapter 4: Skeletal System & Joint Actions > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Skeletal System & Joint Actions Flashcards

1
Q

AXIAL SKELETON

A 
Forms the central axis of the body, mostly concerned with maintaining the structure of the body
-Consists of 80 bones:
     Skull
     Spine
     Ribs
     Sternum
     Sacrum
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2
Q

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

A 
Supports the body's appendages & is mostly concerned with creating locomotor & manipulative movement
- Consists of 126 bones:
     60 in upper extremities
     60 in lower extremities
     2 in pelvic girdle
     4 in shoulder girdle
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3
Q

LONG BONES

A

Hard, dense bones that provide strength, structure, & mobility

  • Comprised of shaft & 2 ends
  • Longer than they are wide with cylindrical shape
  • EX: tibia, fibula, etc.
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4
Q

FLAT BONES

A

Somewhat flat & thin, but may be curved

  • Protect internal organs & provide large surface area for muscles to attach
  • EX: bones of the skull
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5
Q

SHORT BONES

A

Typically cube shaped

  • Provide support & stability with little to no movement
  • EX: bones of wrists & ankles
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6
Q

SESAMOID BONES

A

Small, independent bone/bony nodule developed in a tendon where it passes over an angular structure

  • Reinforce & protect tendons from stress or wear & tear
  • Typically in hands & feet
  • EX: patella
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7
Q

IRREGULAR BONES

A

Irregular, complex shaped bones (don’t fit into other classifications)

  • Protect organs
  • EX: vertebrae & ilium
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8
Q

FACET JOINTS

A

Joints between two adjacent vertebrae that guide & restrict movement of vertebral column

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9
Q

SPINOUS PROCESS

A

Bony protrusion on the posterior surface of a vertebrae where muscles & ligaments attach

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10
Q

TRANSVERSE PROCESS

A

Bony protrusion on the right & left sides of a vertebra where muscles & ligaments attach

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11
Q

OSSIFICATION

A

Hardening process of bones during development, replaces cartilage with harder bone
- Continues until full physical maturation (18-25 years old)

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12
Q

EPIPHYSEAL PLATE

A

Location of bone growth near the end of immature bones, the place where bones grow longer
- Cartilage cells divide & push newly formed cells toward the shaft of the bone

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13
Q

EPIPHYSEAL LINE

A

Line of cartilage near the end of mature long bones, formed when epiphyseal plate closes
- Each long bone has one at each end

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14
Q

STRESS FRACTURE

A

Thin bone crack due to an accumulation of microdamage

- Can’t be seen with a normal X-ray, CT Scan must be used

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15
Q

X-RAY

A

Photographic or digital image of internal composition of bones & other hard tissues

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16
Q

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) SCAN

A

Sophisticated type of X-ray that creates images of bone, blood vessels, & soft tissues across multiple layers

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17
Q

REMODELING

A

When bone changes shape by either increasing or decreasing its diameter
- Depends on stress/lack of stress placed upon it

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18
Q

DEPOSITION

A

Adding new bone with osteoblasts

- EX: when client lifts relatively heavy weights, body responds by laying down extra bone to thicken bone’s diameter

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19
Q

RESORPTION

A

Removing bone with osteoclasts

- EX: in bedridden or paralyzed individuals, the body decreases bone’s diameter

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20
Q

WOLFF’S LAW

A

Theory that states that bone will adapt to the loads placed upon it

  • Bone adaptation
  • Developed by German surgeon, Julius Wolff
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21
Q

OSTEOCLASTS

A

Cells responsible for bone resorption, responsible for loss of bone when inactive or injured
- Chew up impaired bone tissue

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22
Q

OSTEOBLASTS

A

Cells responsible for bone deposition

- If stimulus for growth is present, osteoblasts lay down new bone

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23
Q

OSTEOCYTES

A

Mature bone cells that maintain the bone’s matrix

- Osteoblasts transform into osteocytes

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24
Q

PERIOSTEUM

A

Outer layer of connective tissue that covers long bone, where osteoblasts are located
- Contain cells responsible for growth, repair, & remodeling, as well as pain-sensitive nerve endings

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25
Q

ENDOSTEUM

A

Connective tissue that covers the inside of bone & the medullary cavity

26
Q

MEDULLARY CAVITY

A

Central cavity of the bone shaft

- Marrow storage

27
Q

COMPACT BONE

A

Hard, dense outer layer of bone tissue that is resistant to bending

  • Makes up about 80% of one’s skeletal mass
  • Cortical Bone
28
Q

SPONGY BONE

A

Porous, light inner layer of bone tissue

- Trabecular/Cancellous Bone

29
Q

TRABECULAE

A

Functional units of spongy bone

30
Q

OSTEOPOROSIS

A

Bone disease characterized by a loss of bone mass & density

- Primarily due to the weakening of spongy bone, but compact bone thins as well

31
Q

BONY PROTRUSION

A

Eminence on the surface of bones that increases strength & contact area for muscle attachments

32
Q

OSTEONS (HAVERSIAN SYSTEMS)

A

Functional units of compact bone, vertically stacked units, each containing a nerve & one or two blood vessels
- Spongy bone is less dense, so trabeculae contain a richer source of blood vessels

33
Q

3 TYPES OF CARTILAGE

A
  1. Hyaline Cartilage
  2. Fibrocartilage
  3. Elastic Cartilage
34
Q

OSTEOARTHRITIS

A

Bone-on-bone contact that results in joint pain & stiffness from loss of articular cartilage, common in athletes & older populations
- Cartilage is degraded from overuse or aging

35
Q

NOCICEPTORS

A

Pain-sensitive nerve endings located in periosteum & endosteum coverings of bone
- Articular cartilage covers ends of moving bone & blocks the pain signal

36
Q

HYALINE CARTILAGE

A

Transparent cartilage found on most joint surfaces & in the respiratory tract

  • Contains no nerves or blood vessels
  • Deformable but elastic
  • Most widespread type of cartilage
  • Referred to as articular cartilage when at the ends of bones, at articulation points
37
Q

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

A

Form of Hyaline Cartilage located on the joint surface of bones
- Blocks pain signals sent by nociceptors & reduces compressive stress

38
Q

FIBROCARTILAGE

A

Tough tissue in the intervertebral discs & at insertions of tendons & ligaments

  • Contains Type I & Type II cartilage
  • Also forms lateral & medial meniscus of the knee
39
Q

MENISCUS

A

Form of fibrocartilage present in the knee, wrist, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, & temporomandibular joints

40
Q

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

A

Most pliable form of cartilage, present in outer ear, inner ear, & epiglottis
- Gives shape to external ear & forms auditory tube of the middle ear

41
Q

EPIGLOTTIS

A

Flap made of elastic cartilage that opens during breathing & closes during swallowing

42
Q

LIGAMENT

A

Connective tissue that connects bone to bone; skeleton, bones & cartilage held together by this connective tissue

  • Strength derived from Type I collagen fibers (resist strain)
  • Possess some elastin (allows tissues to regain shape after stretching)
43
Q

FUNCTIONS OF LIGAMENTS

A
  • Attach bone to bone
  • Passively stabilize & guide a joint
  • Resist excess movement at a joint
  • Allow brain to sense position of a joint in space
44
Q

ELASTIN

A

Highly elastic protein found in connective tissue that allows it to return to its original shape after being stretched

45
Q

3 TYPES OF LIGAMENTS

A
  • Extrinsic
  • Intrinsic
  • Capsular
46
Q

EXTRINSIC LIGAMENT

A

Ligament located on the outside of the joint; resists varus stress
- EX: Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)

47
Q

INTRINSIC LIGAMENT

A

Ligament situated inside the joint; resists anterior & posterior movement
- EX: ACL & PCL

48
Q

CAPSULAR LIGAMENT

A

Ligament continuous with joint capsule; resists valgus stress, keep joint approximated
- EX: Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)

49
Q

VARUS

A

Abnormal joint movement AWAY FROM midline of the body

- “bow legs” at the knee joint

50
Q

JOINT CAPSULE

A

Thin, strong layer of connective tissue that contains synovial fluid in freely moving joints

  • Strength comes from Type I collagen fibers
  • Resist excess tension at the joint due to nerve innervation; can trigger reflex contractions of surrounding muscles to protect from joint damage
51
Q

VALGUS

A

Abnormal joint movement TOWARD midline of the body

- Can result in “knock knees” at knee joint

52
Q

CREEP

A

Harmless, temporary deformation of connective tissue
- EX: bending to touch toes, ligaments within the spinal column stretch & then return to their original shape when upright

53
Q

LAXITY

A

Permanent deformation of connective tissue caused by excessive stretching; ligament is stretched beyond its structural & functional ability

  • Makes joint less stable, resulting in excessive movement
  • Increased susceptibility to joint dislocation & osteoarthritis
54
Q

TEAR

A

Partial or complete separation of tissue due to a stretch beyond its structural capacity; blood flow to ligaments is less than to muscle & bone, can take 6wks- 1 year to fully heal

  • Partial tear can heal with rest
  • Complete tear usually requires surgery
55
Q

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

A

Thin layer of connective tissue beneath joint capsule that makes lubricating fluid
- Lubricates the joint & reduces friction during movement

56
Q

3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF JOINTS

A
  1. Fibrous Joints
    - Synarthrodial
    - Syndesmoses
    - Gomphosis
  2. Cartilaginous Joints
  3. Synovial Joints
    - Ball & Socket
    - Saddle
    - Hinge
    - Gliding
    - Pivot
    - Condyloid
57
Q

FIBROUS JOINTS

A

Connected by dense connective tissue consisting of mainly collagen; “fixed” or “immovable” joints

  • 3 Types:
    1. Synarthrodial
    2. Syndesmoses
    3. Gomphosis
58
Q

3 TYPES OF FIBROUS JOINTS

A
  1. Synarthrodial Joints: found in skull, during birth sutures are flexible to allow passage through birth canal
    - Become more rigid as you grow
  2. Syndesmoses Joint: found between long bones
    - Only slightly mobile
  3. Gomphosis: attach teeth to sockets of mandible & maxilla
59
Q

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

A

Connected entirely by cartilage (either Hyaline or fibrocartilage), allow more movement between bones than fibrous joint, but less than synovial joints

  • Divided into primary & secondary joints
    • Primary: epiphyseal plates
    • Secondary: manubriosternal joint, intervertebral discs, & symphysis pubis
60
Q

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

A

Most movable joints; bones are separated by synovial cavity made of dense, irregular connective tissue; “diarthrosis” joints

  • Join bones with a fibrous joint capsule that’s continuous with the periosteum of joined bones, constitute the outer boundary of a synovial cavity & surround the bone’s articulating surfaces
  • Categorized by type of movement they allow
61
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

A
  • Ball & Socket (Enarthrodial)
  • Saddle (Sellar)
  • Hinge (Ginglymus)
  • Gliding (Arthrodial)
  • Pivot (Trochoidal)
  • Condyloid (Ellipsoid)

ISSA Strength & Conditioning (9 decks)

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