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ISSA Strength & Conditioning > Chapter 2: Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

A
  • Coordinate movement
  • Process sensory input
  • Initiate & maintain life-sustaining functions
  • Learn & form memories
  • Experience emotions
  • Control arousal
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2
Q

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

A

Cells of nervous system that make up brain & spinal cord

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3
Q

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

A

Nervous system cells that provide information to the brain & spinal cord
-Neural circuitry that travels outside of the spinal cord, down to the deepest layers of joints & organs

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4
Q

SENSORY DIVISION OF PNS

A

Runs from sensory organs to the CNS

- Collects information from outside (somatic sensory) & inside (visceral sensory) the body and sends impulses to the CNS

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5
Q

MOTOR DIVISION OF PNS

A

Carries nerve impulses from the CNS to muscles & glands throughout the body
- Nerve impulses stimulate muscles to contract & glands to secrete hormones

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6
Q

NEURONS

A

Nervous system cells that produce action potentials to communicate with other neurons, muscles, or glands
- Primary structural unit of the nervous system

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7
Q

3 TYPES OF NEURONS

A
  • Motor Neurons
  • Sensory Neurons
  • Interneurons
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8
Q

ACTION POTENTIAL

A

Electrical signal produced by a neuron or muscle spindle, necessary for movement & perception

  • Impulse or spike
  • Rapid & substantial depolarization of the neuron’s membrane (signal must be enough to change the membrane potential on the neuron to less negative charge)
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9
Q

GLIA

A

Nervous system cell that protects & nourishes neurons

- Does NOT produce action potential

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10
Q

MOTOR NEURON

A

Transmit commands from brain & spinal cord to muscles & glands
- Dendrites receive information from other neurons, then impulse travels down the axon & out through the terminal endings that synapse onto muscle fibers

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11
Q

SENSORY NEURON

A

Transmit information into the brain & spinal cord to detect movement, sight, touch, sound & smell
- Receptors in the muscle, joints, or skin send an impulse to the cell body, which can transmit the signal to a motor neuron or interneuron

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12
Q

INTERNEURON

A

Create circuits between sensory or motor neurons & transmit information between different parts of the brain

  • Can inhibit other neurons, act as “roadblock”
  • Most abundant type of neuron in the nervous system
  • Influenced by: Muscle Spindle & Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)
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13
Q

COMPONENTS OF A NEURON

A
  • Dendrites
  • Cell Body (Soma)
  • Axon
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14
Q

DENDRITES

A

Branches of the cell body that act as receivers, collecting information from other neurons

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15
Q

CELL BODY (SOMA)

A

Bulbous end of neuron that contains nucleus (DNA), the center of the cell
- Integrates information & determines if there is enough to create an action potential

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16
Q

AXON

A

Transmitter portion of neuron

- Relays signals to other neurons, muscles, or organs

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17
Q

MUSCLE SPINDLE

A

Sensory receptor within muscle that detects changes in length & helps regulate contraction

  • Sends information to the sensory cell body, impulse then travels through the axon to the spinal cord
  • Communicates with motor neurons or interneurons
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18
Q

SYNAPSE

A

Area between neurons or between a neuron & muscles or glands where electrical & chemical signals are transmitted

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19
Q

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

A

Synapse where the motor neuron transmits a signal to the muscle fiber, resulting in muscle contraction

  • When a motor neuron that innervates a muscle is activated, acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) is released
  • Binding of acetylcholine to receptors on muscle triggers cascade that results in contraction
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20
Q

MYELIN

A

Fatty sheath around the axon of a nerve that provides electrical insulation, protection, nourishment, & faster signal transmission
- Important for movement

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21
Q

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS)

A

Disease that damages myelin that surrounds an axon, causing movement disorder

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22
Q

CRANIAL NERVES

A

12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the brain or brainstem to relay pure sensory, pure motor, or sensory & motor (combination) information to the head

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23
Q

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

Division of the PNS that controls voluntary movement
- Includes motor neurons that control muscle, along with sensory neurons that receive information from the muscles, skin, & joints

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24
Q

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

Division of PNS that controls subconscious actions such as breathing, heart rate, & digestion
- Further divided into: Sympathetic Nervous System & Parasympathetic Nervous System

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25
Q

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

Division of Autonomic Nervous System that generates “fight or flight” response, through the release of norepinephrine

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26
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

Division of Autonomic Nervous System that generates the “rest & digest” response
- Balances sympathetic response

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27
Q

NOREPINEPHRINE

A

Hormone/neurotransmitter released by the CNS & Sympathetic Nervous System
- Triggers “fight or flight” response

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28
Q

7 COMPONENTS OF THE CNS

A
  • Forebrain:
    • Cerebrum
    • Diencephalon
  • Brainstem:
    • Midbrain
    • Pons
    • Medulla
  • Cerebellum
  • Spinal Cord
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29
Q

FOREBRAIN

A

Includes cerebrum & diencephalon
- Cerebrum: helps learn & control movement
- Divided into right & left cerebral
hemispheres, connected by corpus
callosum
- Diencephalon: relays & integrates information from different parts of the brain & spinal cord

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30
Q

BRAINSTEM

A

Includes midbrain, pons, & medulla

  • Mediates sensory & motor control of head, neck, & face, as well as balance
  • Contains sensory & motor pathways that travel to other parts of CNS
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31
Q

CEREBELLUM

A

Plans & coordinates movement

  • “Little Brain”
  • Contains more densely packed neurons than any other subdivision of the brain
32
Q

SPINAL CORD

A

Transmits motor information down from the brain & sensory information up to the brain
- Contains reflex circuits

33
Q

WHITE MATTER

A

Portion of brain & spinal cord that contains myelinated axons
- Myelin has a whitish appearance, causing this part to appear white

34
Q

GRAY MATTER

A

Portion of brain & spinal cord that contains axons with little to no myelin & cell bodies
- Includes cell bodies & terminal endings of neurons, which have little/ no myelin

35
Q

MENINGES

A

Three layers of membranes that protect the brain & spinal cord
- Small spaces between each meningeal layer provide nourishment through blood vessels & CSF

36
Q

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

A

Clear fluid found in brain & spinal cord that protects & cleans brain

37
Q

VENTRICLES

A

Cavities in the brain that contain CSF

38
Q

CAUDA EQUINA

A

Bundle of spinal nerves that begins around the second lumbar vertebrae (L2), where the spinal cord ends

  • Innervates the muscles of the hips, legs, pelvic organs, & sphincter
  • Runs from L2 to the Sacrum
39
Q

CERVICAL ENLARGEMENT

A

Larger diameter area of the spinal cord that contains the nerves that travel to the upper limbs

40
Q

LUMBAR ENLARGEMENT

A

Larger diameter area of the spinal cord that contains the nerves that travel to the lower limbs

41
Q

NERVE

A

Bundles of axons that carry information within the PNS

  • Pathways connecting muscle & other organs to the spinal cord, & the spinal cord to those organs
  • 3 Types: sensory (afferent), motor (efferent, & mixed
42
Q

SENSORY (AFFERENT) NERVE

A

Bundle of axons that carries sensory information INTO the brain or spinal cord

43
Q

MOTOR (EFFERENT) NERVE

A

Bundle of axons that carries information AWAY FROM the brain & spinal cord to muscles & glands

44
Q

MIXED NERVE

A

Bundle of axons that carries sensory, motor, & autonomic information

45
Q

SPINAL NERVES

A

31 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spinal cord to relay motor, sensory, & autonomic information from the neck to the feet (except for C1 spinal nerve, which transmits pure motor information)

  • Control muscles in the body from neck to toes
  • Divided into regions that correspond with the vertebrae from which they exit
46
Q

CERVICAL NERVES

A

8 pairs of spinal nerves that exit the cervical region of the vertebral column above each corresponding vertebrae (except the C8 , which exits below the C7 vertebrae)
- C1-C8: control muscles of the neck, shoulders, upper limbs, & diaphragm

47
Q

THORACIC NERVES

A

12 pairs of spinal nerves that exit the thoracic region of the vertebral column, below each corresponding vertebrae
- T1-T12: control muscles of the trunk

48
Q

LUMBAR NERVES

A

5 pairs of spinal nerves that exit the lumbar region of the vertebral column, below each corresponding vertebrae
- L1-L5: control muscles of the pelvis & lower limbs

49
Q

SACRAL NERVES

A

5 pairs of nerves that exit the sacral region of the vertebral column
- S1-S5: control muscles of the pelvis & lower limbs

50
Q

COCCYGEAL NERVES

A

1 pair of spinal nerves that exits below the sacrum

- CO1: control a few muscles of the pelvis

51
Q

LOWER MOTOR NEURON

A

PNS cell whose cell body is in the brainstem or spinal cord that innervates muscles or glands

  • Carries information that leads to muscle contraction
  • Can extend from any part of the brainstem or spinal cord
  • Innervate each muscle, & control a collection of muscle fibers
52
Q

MOTOR UNIT (MU)

A

Lower motor neuron & all the muscle fibers it innervates

  • Small muscles can have as few as 5 muscle fibers in one MU (EX: muscles that control eye movement)
  • Large muscles can have thousands of fibers in one MU (EX: Hamstrings)
  • 3 MU types, corresponding to the 3 primary types of muscle fibers
53
Q

SLOW (S) MOTOR UNIT

A

Contain slow-twitch fibers (Type I)

  • Small bundle of small, Type I muscle fibers
  • Can contract for many hours, even days if necessary
54
Q

FAST FATIGUE-RESISTANT (FFR) MOTOR UNITS

A

Contain fast twitch muscle fibers (Type II)

  • Moderate size bundle of moderate size, Type IIa muscle fibers
  • Can contract for minutes at a time
55
Q

FAST FATIGABLE (FF) MOTOR UNITS

A

Contain fast twitch muscle fibers (Type II)

  • Large bundles of large, Type IIx muscle fibers
  • Can contract for only 5-10 seconds before exhaustion
56
Q

REGULATION OF MUSCULAR FORCE

A

Amount of force a muscle produces depends on 2 neural processes:

  • Motor Unit Recruitment
  • Rate Coding
57
Q

MOTOR UNIT RECRUITMENT

A

Activation of additional, larger MU to generate greater muscular force

58
Q

RATE CODING

A

Discharge rate of active MUs

  • Frequency a motor neuron sends an action potential to its bundle of muscle fibers
  • Higher rate coding= stronger contraction
59
Q

ALL-OR-NONE LAW

A

When a motor neuron is activated, all corresponding muscle fibers contract
- MU can’t be partially activated

60
Q

SIZE PRINCIPLE

A

Fixed, orderly recruitment of motor neurons from smallest to largest

  • Low Force= S Motor Units
  • Medium Force= S+FFR Motor Units
  • High Force= S+FFR+FF Motor Units
61
Q

MOTOR NEURON POOL

A

Vertical column of cell bodies within the spinal cord that innervate a single muscle

  • Found in every muscle, & can span multiple segments within the spinal cord
  • Can be activated by signals from the brain or from circuits within the spinal cord
62
Q

UPPER MOTOR NEURON

A

CNS cell that synapses with lower motor neurons

- Forms pathways where information travels from the brain down to motor neuron pools

63
Q

CEREBRAL CORTEX

A

Outermost layer of the brain, where voluntary movement begins
- Wraps around deeper layers of the brain to form folds & ridges

64
Q

MOTOR CORTEX

A

Region of brain consisting of: Premotor Cortex, Primary Motor Cortex, & Supplementary Motor Cortex

  • Voluntary movement is planned, initiated, & directed by Motor Cortex
  • Communicates with lower motor neurons through neural tracts
65
Q

NEURAL TRACT

A

Bundle of axons within the CNS that carries motor OR sensory information

  • Descending= motor information to muscle
  • Ascending= sensory information to brain
66
Q

DESCENDING TRACT

A

Bundle of upper motor neuron axons that travels through the spinal cord to activate lower motor neurons
- Motor information to muscles

67
Q

ASCENDING TRACT

A

Bundle of axons that carries sensory information through the spinal cord to the brain
- Sensory information to the brain

68
Q

PROPRIOCEPTORS

A

Sensory receptors in the muscles & joints that transmit information to the CNS through ascending tracts
- Detect muscle tension

69
Q

MUSCLE SPINDLE

A

Sensory receptor within the skeletal muscle belly that detects changes in muscle length, they are positioned parallel to muscle fibers which allows them to lengthen/shorten in sync with the muscle

  • Detect changes in length due to Alpha-Gamma Co-activation
  • Influences interneurons
70
Q

GOLGI TENDON ORGAN (GTO)

A

Sensory receptor within the tendons of a muscle

- Detects changes in muscle tension

71
Q

ALPHA-GAMMA CO-ACTIVATION

A

Process that allows a muscle spindle to contract at the same rate as the muscle where it resides

72
Q

STRETCH REFLEX

A

Neural circuit that allows activation of a muscle to occur with simultaneous inhibition of its antagonist
- Muscle being stretched contracts, antagonist relaxes

73
Q

STEPS OF STRETCH REFLEX

A
  1. Muscle is initially stretched
  2. Afferent signals are sent to the spinal cord
  3. Interneuron connects afferent & efferent fibers
  4. Efferent signals sent to the muscle to cause contraction
74
Q

BASAL GANGLIA

A

Structures within the cerebrum that communicate with the motor cortex to help initiate movement
- Dysfunction can lead to movement disorders

75
Q

PARKINSON’S DISEASE

A

Movement disorder caused by a deficiency of dopamine in the basal ganglia

76
Q

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE

A

Movement disorder caused by damage to the cells of the basal ganglia

ISSA Strength & Conditioning (9 decks)

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