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medical terminology > Chapter 5 Cardio > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Cardio Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Heart

A

Hollow muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity

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2
Q

Apex

A

Lower tip of the heart

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3
Q

Pericardium/pericardial sac

A

Double walled membrane is sacs that encloses the heart

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4
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

Fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart

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5
Q

Pericardial fluid

A

Acts as a lubricant To prevent friction as the heartbeats

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6
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

Inner layer of the pericardium that also forms the outer layer of the heart

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7
Q

Epicardium

A

External layer of the heart and inner layer of the pericardium

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8
Q

Myocardium

A

At all and thickest of the hearts three layers consist of specialized cardiac muscle tissue that is capable of constant contraction and relaxation of pumping movement necessary to maintain the flow of blood

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9
Q

Endocardium

A

The inner lining of the heart surface that comes in direct contact with the blood

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10
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Supply oxygen rich blood to the myocardium

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11
Q

Atria

A

Upper two chambers of the heart receiving chambers and all blood enters the heart through these chambers

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12
Q

Ventricles

A

Two lower chambers of the heart

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13
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Shows the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle

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14
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

Located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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15
Q

Mitro valve

A

Located between the left atrium and left ventricle

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16
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

Located between the left ventricle and the aorta

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17
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Flow of blood only between the heart and lungs

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18
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

Carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle into the lungs

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19
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left left atrium of the heart

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20
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Includes the flow of blood to all parts of the body except the long test blood flows out of the left ventricle into the arterial circulation veins carry deoxygenated blood into the right atrium

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21
Q

Conduction system

A

Electrical impulses are controlled by the Sinoartial node atrioventricle node and bundle of his

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22
Q

Sino atrial node

A

Located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava

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23
Q

What is the natural pacemaker of the heart

A

Sinoatrial node

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24
Q

Atrioventricle node

A

Located on the floor of the right atrium near the inter at rail septum

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25
Q

Bundle of his

A

Group of fibers located with in the interventricular septum fibers Carry an electrical impulse to for the sequence of Heart contractions

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26
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Specialized conductor fiber is located within the walls of the ventricles relay the electrical impulses to the cells of the ventricle is the stimulation that causes the ventricles to contract

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27
Q

P-wave

A

Due to stimulation of the atria

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28
Q

QRS complex

A

Shows the stimulation of the ventricles

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29
Q

T Wave

A

Recovery of the ventricles

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30
Q

Arteries

A

Large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body

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31
Q

Aorta

A

Artist but I sought in the body begins from the left ventricle of the heart and forms and main trunk of the Arterial system

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32
Q

Carotid arteries

A

Major arteries that carry blood upward to the head

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33
Q

Internal carotid artery

A

Brings oxygen rich blood to the brain

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34
Q

External carotid artery

A

Brings blood to the face

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35
Q

Arterioles

A

Waller there are branches of arteries that deliver blood to capillaries

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36
Q

Capillaries

A

Smallest blood vessels in the body form networks that expanded vascular beds that have been important role of delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells of the tissue

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37
Q

Veins

A

Low pressure collecting system to return oxygen poor blood to the heart

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38
Q

Venules

A

The smallest veins that join to form the larger veins

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39
Q

Superficial veins

A

Located near the body surface

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40
Q

Deep veins

A

Located within the tissues and away from your body surface

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41
Q

Veenee cavae

A

Two largest beans in the body these are the veins that return blood into the heart

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42
Q

Superior vena cava

A

Transports blood from the upper portion of the body to the heart

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43
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Transports blood from the lower portion of the body to the heart

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44
Q

Pulse

A

Rhythmic pressure against the wall of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart

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45
Q

Blood pressure

A

Measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries

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46
Q

Systolic pressures

A

Occurs when the ventricles contract is the highest pressure against the walls of an artery

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47
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Occurs when the ventricles are relaxed is the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery

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48
Q

Contents of blood

A

55% plasma and 45% of formed elements

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49
Q

Plasma

A

Straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients hormones and waste products is 91% water

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50
Q

Serum

A

As my fluid after the blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed

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51
Q

Fibrinogen and prothrombin

A

Clotting proteins found in plasma

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52
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Oxygen carrying blood proteins pigment of the earth erythrocytes

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53
Q

Neutrophils

A

Found in red bone marrow are the most common type of Blood cells

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54
Q

Basophils

A

Warm and red bone marrow least common type of WBC responsible for causing the symptoms of allergies

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55
Q

Eosinophils

A

Destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions

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56
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Sing in red bone marrow when fluid in spleen identify foreign substances and germs in the body and produce antibodies

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57
Q

Monocytes

A

Phone and red bone marrow Lymph nodes and spleen provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms

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58
Q

Thrombocytes/platelets

A

Smallest formed elements of the blood important role in clotting of blood

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59
Q

Blood gases

A

Gases that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood such as oxygen carbon dioxide and nitrogen

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60
Q

Cardiologist

A

Specializes in diagnosing and treating Melodies diseases and disorders of the heart

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61
Q

Hematologist

A

Mission he specializes in diagnosing and treating Abnormalities diseases and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues

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62
Q

Vascular surgeon

A

Physician who specializes in the diagnosis medical management and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels

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63
Q

Coronary artery disease/coronary heart disease/ischemic heart disease

A

Artherosclerosis The coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscles can cause a heart attack

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64
Q

Artherosclerosis

A

Running and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries

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65
Q

Black

A

How do you deposit similar to the build up of rust inside a pipe

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66
Q

Lumen

A

Opening within these vessel through which the blood flows

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67
Q

Artheroma

A

Deposit a plaque on Or within the arterial wall

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68
Q

Ischemia

A

Condition in which there is an in sufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted bloodflow to a part of the body

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69
Q

Angina/angina Pectoris

A

Condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium

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70
Q

Stable angina

A

Occurs during exertion and resolves with rest

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71
Q

Unstable angina

A

Occur either during exertion or rest and as a precursor to mycardial infarction

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72
Q

Myocardial infarction/Heart attack

A

The occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup

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73
Q

Heart failure/congestive heart failure

A

Chronic condition where the heart is unable to pump out all of the blood that it receives

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74
Q

Left sided heart failure/pulmonary edema

A

Occurs when the left side of the heart is unable to efficiently pump oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the rest of the body

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75
Q

Right sided heart failure

A

Of her because the right side of the heart is unable to efficiently pump blood throughout the rest of the body often the result of left-sided heart failure first noticeable in the feet and leg

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76
Q

Cardiomegaly

A

Abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure as a heart in larges in an effort to compensate or decreased pumping ability

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77
Q

Carditis

A

Inflammation of the heart

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78
Q

Endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

79
Q

Bacterial endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the blood stream

80
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

81
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the myocardium that develops as a rarely seen complication of a viral infection

82
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

Are used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle

83
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Disease of the heart muscle that causes the heart to become enlarged and to pump less strongly

84
Q

Heart murmur

A

Abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard listening to the heart or neighboring large blood vessels

85
Q

Valvulitis

A

Inflammation of a heart valve

86
Q

Valvular prolapse

A

Abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the in ability of the valve to close completely

87
Q

Valvular stenosis

A

Condition in which there is narrowing Stephanie thickening or blockage of one or more valves of the heart

88
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Loss of the normal rhythm of the heart beat

89
Q

Asystole/flat line

A

Complete lack of electrical activity in the heart lack of hard contractions with no blood pumping from the heart and no blood flow through the body

90
Q

Cardiac arrest

A

Event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood

91
Q

Sudden cardiac death

A

Results and treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes

92
Q

Heart block

A

Congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricle

93
Q

Bradycardia

A

Abnormally slow resting heart rate less than 60 bpm

94
Q

Tachycardia

A

Abnormally rapid resting heart rate greater than 100 bpm

95
Q

Supraventricular tachycardia

A

Episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid in regular heartbeats that originate at or above the atrioventricular node

96
Q

Ventricular tachycardia

A

Very rapid heart rate that begins with in the ventricles potentially fatal because the heart is beating so rapidly that it is unable to adequately pump blood through the body

97
Q

Fibrillation

A

Describes a potentially life-threatening fast and irregular heartbeat

98
Q

Atrial Fibrillation

A

Most common type of tachycardia occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria or replaced by rapid uncontrolled twitching of the muscular heart wall

99
Q

Ventricular fibrillation/V fib

A

Rapid irregular and useless contractions of the ventricles instead of pumping strongly the heart muscles quivers and effectively

100
Q

Palpitations

A

Pending or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm

101
Q

Vasculitis

A

Inflammation of blood vessels

102
Q

Polyarteritis

A

Form of a vasculitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time

103
Q

Temporal arteritis/giant cell arteritis

A

Former vasculitis that can cause headaches visual impairment job pain and other symptoms biopsy shows the presence of abnormally large cells

104
Q

Angiostenosis

A

Abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel

105
Q

Hemangioma

A

Benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels

106
Q

Hypoperfusion

A

Fission C of blood passing through an organ or body part

107
Q

Aneurysm

A

Look like a weak spot or balloon like enlargement of the wall of an artery

108
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Characterized by taking and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls

109
Q

Arteriostenosis

A

Normal narrowing of an artery or arteries

110
Q

Chronic venous insufficiency

A

Condition in which venous circulation is in adequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves

111
Q

Phlebitis/thrombophlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein

112
Q

Varicose veins

A

Abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in the Superficial veins of the legs

113
Q

Thrombosis

A

Normal condition of having a thrombus

114
Q

Thrombus

A

Blood clot attached to the end to your wall of an artery or vein

115
Q

Thrombotic occlusion

A

Blocking of an artery by a thrombus

116
Q

Coronary thrombosis

A

Damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery

117
Q

Deep vein thrombosis

A

Condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of deep vein

118
Q

Embolism

A

Sudden blockage of a blood vessel fine embolus

119
Q

Embolus

A

Foreign object circulating in the blood

120
Q

Peripheral vascular disease

A

Disorders of blood vessels that are located outside of the heart and brain

121
Q

Raynaud’s disease

A

Peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress

122
Q

Blood dyscrasia

A

Any pathological condition of the cellular elements of the blood

123
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron

124
Q

Leukopenia

A

Decrease in the number of disease fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood

125
Q

Polycythemia

A

Abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of the cells by the bone marrow

126
Q

Sepsis

A

Infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream

127
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Condition in which there is an abnormally small number plate with circulating in the blood

128
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

Abnormal increase in the number of platelets circulating in the blood

129
Q

Cholesterol

A

Fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body

130
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

General term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood

131
Q

Myelodysplastic Syndrome

A

Cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow

132
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes

133
Q

Anemia

A

Lower than normal number of red blood cells and blood causing fatigue and shortness of breath

134
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

135
Q

Megaloblastic anemia

A

Anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal

136
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Caused by the lack of proteins intrinsic factor that helps the body absorb B12

137
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

Characterized by an adequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen

138
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Serious genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin Resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal circle shape

139
Q

Thalassemia

A

Heritage blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal

140
Q

Hypertension/high blood pressure

A

Elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system

141
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

Caused by a different medical problems such as a kidney disorder

142
Q

Malignant hypertension

A

Characterized by very high blood pressure can be fatal and is usually accompanied by damage to the organs to the brain the optic nerve or failure of the heart and kidneys

143
Q

Hypotension

A

Lower than normal arterial blood pressure

144
Q

Orthostatic hypotension

A

Blood pressure that occurs upon standing up

145
Q

Angiography

A

X-ray study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium

146
Q

Cardiac catheterization

A

Diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is past into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart

147
Q

Digital subtraction angiography

A

Uses angiography with Computer assistance to clarify the view of the area of interest in the cardiovascular system by subtracting the soft tissue and bones from the image

148
Q

Duplex ultrasound

A

Diagnostic procedure to image the structures of the blood vessels and flow of blood through these vessels uses diagnostic ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound

149
Q

Venography

A

Radiographic test that provides an image of specific things after a contrast dye is injected

150
Q

Electrocardiography

A

Noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium

151
Q

Holter monitor

A

Portable electrocardiograph that is worn by an ambulatory patient to continually monitor the heart rate and rhythm is over 24 or 48 hour.

152
Q

Stress test

A

Performed to assess cardiovascular health and function during and after stress

153
Q

Thallium stress test

A

Performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise by injecting a small amount of Valium into the bloodstream if it is not taking up equally but all heart muscle cells it shows a decrease in blood flow to part of the heart

154
Q

Antihypertensive

A

administered to lower blood pressure

155
Q

Ace inhibitor

A

Blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract resulting in hypertension this reduces the blood pressure

156
Q

Beta blocker

A

Reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat

157
Q

Calcium channel blocker agents

A

I’ll see heart and blood vessels to relax you seen the movement of calcium into the cells of the structures

158
Q

Diuretic

A

Administer to stimulate The kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water

159
Q

Antiarrythmic

A

Medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat

160
Q

Anticoagulant

A

Both coagulation and prevents new clots from forming

161
Q

Coumadin/warfarin

A

Anticoagulant admeasure to rent blood clots from forming a growing larger

162
Q

Heparin

A

Injection or IV solution anticoagulant

163
Q

Aspirin

A

Maybe recommended to reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke by reducing the ability of the blood to clot

164
Q

Cholesterol lowering drugs

A

Used to come back and hyperlipidemia by reducing the undesirable cholesterol levels in the blood

165
Q

Digitalis/digoxin

A

Strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle slows the heart rate and helps eliminate fluid from body tissues

166
Q

Thrombolytic/clot busting drug

A

Dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up

167
Q

Tissue plasminogen activator

A

Thrombolytic that is administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke

168
Q

Vasoconstrictor

A

Causes blood vessels to narrow include antihistamines and decongestants

169
Q

Vasodilator

A

Causes blood vessels to expand

170
Q

Nitroglycerin

A

Vasodilator that is prescribed to prevent or relieve the pain of angina by dilating the blood vessels to the heart

171
Q

Angioplasty

A

Technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel

172
Q

Percutaneous Transluminal coronary angioplasty

A

Procedure in which a small balloon on the end of a catheter is you should open a partially blocked coronary artery by flattening a plaque deposit in stretching the lumen

173
Q

Laser angioplasty

A

Involves a laser on the end of a catheter which uses beams of light to remove the plaque deposit

174
Q

Stand

A

Wire mesh tube that is commonly placed after the artery has been open

175
Q

ReStenosis

A

Describe the condition when an artery that has been open by angioplasty closes again

176
Q

Atherectomy

A

Surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery

177
Q

Carotid endarterectomy

A

Surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain

178
Q

Coronary artery bypass graft

A

Operation that requires opening the chest a piece of vein from the leg or chest is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery

179
Q

Emily invasive coronary artery bypass/ Keyhole/ buttonhole bypass

A

Alternative technique for some bypass patients procedures performed with the aid of fiber optic camera through a small opening between the ribs

180
Q

Defibrillation

A

Use of electrical shock to restore the hearts normal rhythm

181
Q

Automated external defibrillator

A

Designed for use by non-professionals in emergency situations automatically samples the electrical for those of the heart

182
Q

Artificial pacemaker

A

Primarily as treatment for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation electronic device can be attached externally or implanted under the skin with connections leading into the heart to regulate the heartbeat

183
Q

Implantable cardioverter defibrillator

A

Double action pacemaker constantly regulate the heartbeat to in sure that the heart does not beat you slowly if dangerous destruction of the heart rhythm occurs it acts as an automatic defibrillator

184
Q

Cardiac ablation

A

Procedure that uses radio frequency energy or cryoablation to scar or destroy the heart tissue triggering in a normal heart rhythm

185
Q

Valvuloplasty

A

Surgical repair of a heart valve

186
Q

Heart valve replacement

A

Surgery to replace one of the hearts four valves

187
Q

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement

A

A fully collapsible replacement valve is delivered to the valve site through catheter after it is expanded within the defective valve it takes over the function of the valve

188
Q

Cardio pulmonary Resurrection

A

See procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression

189
Q

Aneurysmectomy

A

Surgical removal of an aneurysm

190
Q

Aneurysmorrhaphy

A

Surgical suturing of an aneurysm

191
Q

Aneurysm clipping

A

Surgical method to isolate an aneurysm from the rest of the circulatory system by placing a small clip across its neck

192
Q

Arteriectomy

A

Surgical removal of part of an artery

193
Q

Hemostasis

A

to stop or control bleeding

194
Q

Plasmapheresis

A

Removal of whole blood from the body and separation of the blood cellular elements the red blood cells and platelets are suspended in Saline or plasma substitute and return to the circulatory system

medical terminology (6 decks)

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