Chapter 3 Skelatal System Flashcards
Skeletal structure
Bones bone marrow cartilage joints ligaments Sanovia membranes synovial fluid and Bursae
Functions
Actors framework support and protect internal organs work in conjunction with muscles ligaments and tendons
Ossification
Membranes and cartilage start becoming bone
Osteoclasts
New bone formation
Osteoblasts
Rebuild the bone
Periosteum
Tough fibrosis tissue that forms the outermost covering of the bone
Compact bone
Cortical bone the dents hard and very strong bond that forms a protective outer layer of bones accounts for 75% of body’s bone matter
Spongy bone
Cancelleous bone poorest lighter and weaker than compact bone red marrow is often located within the spongy bone bones with large percentage of spongy bone are weaker
Medullary cavity
Central cavity located in the shaft of long bones surrounded by compact bone red and yellow bone marrow are stored
Endosteum
Tissue that lines the medullary cavity
Red bone marrow
Located within the spongy bone is a Hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells and hemoglobin white blood cells and thrombocytes
Hemopoietic
Pertaining to the formation of blood cells
Yellow bone marrow
Functions as a fat storage area compose chiefly of fat cells and is located in the medullary cavity of long bones
Cartilage
Smooth rubbery blue white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones
Articular cartilage
Covers the surfaces of bones were they articulate or come together to form joints
Meniscus
Curved fibrosis cartilage found in some joints such as the knee
Diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone
Epiphyses
Wider ends of long bones covered with articular cartilage to protect it
Foramen
An opening in A bone through which blood vessels nerves and ligaments pass through
Process
Normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for muscle or tendon
Joints/articulations
The place of union between two more bones
Fibrous joint
Consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue hold the bones tightly together
Fontanelles/Soft spot
Normally present on the school of a newborn
Cartaginous joints
Allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
Pubic symphysis
Allow some movement to facilitate childbirth
Synovial joint
Created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions
Ball and socket joints
Allow a wide range of movement in many directions
Hinge joints
synovial joints allow movement primarily in one direction or plane
Synovial capsule
Outer most layer of strong Fiborous tissue that surrounds the joint
Synovial membrane
Lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
Synovial fluid
Flows within the synovial cavity acts as a lubricant to make this smooth movement of joints
Ligaments
Bands of Fiborous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage
Bursa
Fiborous sac the acts as a cushion to each movement in areas that are subject to friction such as the shoulder
Axial skeleton
Protects the major organs of the Nervis respiratory and circular system
Axial skeleton contains
The bones of the skull bones of the middle ear hyoid bone the rib cage and vertebral column
Appendicular skeleton
Makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion excretion and reproduction
Upper extremities
Shoulders arms forearms wrists and hands
Lower extremities
Hips thighs legs ankles and feet
Appendage
Anything that is attached to a major part of the body
Appendicular
Means referring to an appendage
Extremity
The terminal end of a body parts such as an arm or leg
Skull
Eight bones that form the cranium 14 bones that form the face and six bones in the middle ear
Frontal bone
Anterior position of the cranium that forms the forehead
Parietal bone
Two of the large bones of the school together they form most of the roof and upper side of the cranium
Occipital bone
Forms the back part of the school and the base of the cranium
Temporal bones
Form the sides and base of the cranium
External auditory meatus
Opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear
Sphenoid bone
In a regular wedge shaped bone at the base of the skull help us find the base of the cranium beside the school and the floors and sides of the eyesockets
Ethmoid bone
White spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose
Auditory ossicles
Three tiny bones located in the middle ear
These bones are known as the malleus incus and stapes
Nasal bones
Upper part of the bridge of the nose
Zygomatic bone/cheekbones
Articulate with the frontal bone that makes up the forehead
Maxillary bones
For most of the upper jaw also known as the maxillae
Palitine bones
Form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and floor of the nose
Lacrimal bones
Make a part of the orbit at the inner angle
Inferior Conchae
Thin scrolling bones that form part of the interior of the nose
Vomer bone
Form the basis for the nasal septum
Mandible/jawbone
The only mobile bone of the school attached to the skull at the temporomandibular joint
Thoracic cavity
Bony structure that protects the heart and lungs consist of the ribs sternum and upper portion of the spinal column
Ribs/costals
12 pairs attached posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
True ribs
First seven pairs attach Anteriorly to the sternum
False ribs
Attached anteriorly to the cartilage that connects them to the sternum
Floating ribs
Only attached posteriorly to the vertebrae but are not attached anteriorly
Sternum/breastbone
Flat dagger shaped bone located in the middle of the chest
Manubrium
Bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
Body of the sternum/gladiolus
Bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
Xiphoid process
Structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum
Pectoral girdle/Shoulder girdle
Supports the arms and hands
Clavicle/collarbone
Slender bone that connects the Manda Bram to the sternum to the scapula
Scapula
Shoulder blade
Acromion
Extension of the scapula That forms the high point of the shoulder
Humerus
Bone of the upper arm
Radius
Smaller and shorter bone in the forearm
Ulna
Larger and longer bone of the forearm
Olecranon process
Large protection on the upper end of the ulna this form as a point of the elbow in exposes a Nerve that tingles when it struck
Carpals
Eight bones that form the wrist these bones for my narrow Bonnie passage known as the carpal tunnel
Metacarpals
Five bones that form the palm of the hand
Phalanges
The 14 bones of the fingers
How many bones does each finger have
Each of the four fingers has three bones these are distal middle and proximal phalanges
How many bones does the thumb have
The thumb has two bones do use are the distal and proximal phalanges
Spinal column/vertebral column
Protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body
How many vertebrae’s does the spinal column have
26 vertebrae
Body of the vertebrae
The anterior position of the vertebrae is solid to provide strength
Lamina
The posterior position of the room to bring the transverse in spinous process extend from this area and serve as attachments for muscle and tendons
Vertebral foramen
The opening in the middle of the vertebrae
Intervertebral disks
Made of cartilage separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other they act or shock absorbers and allow for movement of the spinal
Cervical vertebrae
First seven vertebrae they form the neck C1 through C7
thoracic vertebrae
T1- 12 are the second set of 12 vertebrae each of his vertebrae has a pair of ribs attached to it
Lumbar vertebrae
L1 through L5 make up the third set of five for bright and together they form the N-word curve of the lower spine largest and strongest of the vertebrae and bear most of the body’s weight
Sacrum
Lightly curve triangular shaped bone at the base of the spine that forms a lower portion of the back
Coccyx
Formed the end of the spine and is actually made of four small vertebrae that are fused together
Pelvis/Bony pelvis
Protection to internal organs and supports the lower extremities
Pelvic girdle
A cup shaped ring of bone at the lower end of the trunk consisting of the ileum ischium and pubis
Ilium
Broad blade shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone
Sacroiliac
Slightly movable articulation between the sacrament and posterior portion of the ileum
Ischium
Forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone bears the weight of the body when sitting
Pubis
Forms of anterior position of the pubic bone which is located just below the urinary bladder
Pubic bones
The ileum ischiumand pubis are three separate bones that fuse together to form the pubic bone
Pubic symphysis
Cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones
Acetabulum
Large circular cavity and each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint
Femurs/thigh bones
Largest bones in the body
Head of the femur
Articulates with the acetabulum (hip socket)
Femoral neck
The narrow area just below the head of the femur
Patella/kneecap
Boney anterior portion of the knee
Popliteal
Describes the posterior space behind me were the ligaments vessels and muscles related to the joints are located
Cruciate ligament’s
Make movement of the new possible also known as anterior and posterior cruciate ligament’s because they are shaped like a cross
Tibia/shinbone
Larger anterior weight bearing bone of the lower leg
Fibula
The smaller of the two bones of the lower leg
Ankles
Joints that connect the lower leg and foot and make the necessary movements
Tarsal bones
Each ankle is made up of seven short torso bones these bones are similar to the bones in the wrist except much larger
Malleolus
Rounded Bonnie projection on the Tabula and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint
Talus
The ankle bone articulates with the tibia and fibula
Calcaneus
Largest of the tarsal bones is the heel bone
metatarsals
Form the part of the foot to which the toes are attached
Osteopath
Hold a doctor of osteopath degree and use a traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treatment health problems to spinal manipulation
Chiropractor
Holds a doctor of chiropractic degree in specializes in I’m gonna feel of treatment of disorders Originating ffrom misalignment of the spine
Orthopedic surgeon/orthopedist
Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones joints and muscles
Podiatrist
Hold a doctor of podiatry or Dr. of pediatric medicine degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot
Rheumatologist
Physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis fibromyalgia and tendinitis
Ankylosis
Loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease injury or a surgical procedure
Adhesive capsulitis
Known as frozen shoulder pain, ankylosis of the shoulder
Arthrosclerosis
Stiffness of the joints especially in the elderly
Baker’s cyst/popliteal cyst
Fluid filled sac behind the knee
Bursitis
Inflammation of the bursa
Chondromalacia
Abnormal softening of cartilage
Costochondritis
Inflammation of cartilage that attaches a rib to the sternum
Hallux valgus/bunion
Abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe
Hemarthrosis
Blood within a joint
Polymyalgia rheumatic
Inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck shoulders and upper arms hips and thighs
Sprain
Occurs when a ligament that connects bone to a joint is wrenched or torn
Synovitis
Inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain and the effect of joint
Dislocation/luxation
Total displacement of a bone from its joint
Subluxation
Partial displacement of a bone from its joint
Arthritis
Inflammatory condition of one or more joints
Osteoarthritis/wear and tear arthritis
Most commonly associated with aging
Degenerative joint disease
Characterized by the wearing away of the articular cartilage with in the joints
Osteophytes
Bone spurs
Spondylosis/Spinal osteoarthritis
Can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function
Gout/gouty arthritis
Characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints usually beginning in the big toe joints are typically warm red and sensitive
Rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked
Ankylosing spondylitis
Form of rumor toward arthritis that primarily causes Inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Auto immune disorder that affects children ages 16 years or younger which symptoms that include stiffness and pain joint swelling skin rash fever so gross
Herniated disc/slip/ruptured disc
Breaking apart of a intervertebral disc that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots
Lumbago/low back pain
Pain of the lumbar region of the spine
Spondylolisthesis
Orange flipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebrate or sacrum below
Spina bifida
In general the fact that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal feel so close completely around the spinal cord to protect it
Kyphosis
Abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine
Lordosis
Abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
A vascular necrosis/osteonecrosis
An area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow
Craniostenosis
Malformation of the school due to premature closure of the cranial sutures
Osteitis
Information of a bone
Osteomalacia/Adult rickets
Normal softening of bones and adults
Osteomyelitis
Information of the bone marrow and adjacent bone
Pagets disease
Chronic bone disease of unknown caused characterized by abnormal breakdown of bone usually in the pelvis school spine and legs
Periostitis
Inflammation of the periosteum
Rickets
Deficiency disease occurring in children characterized by defective bone growth resulting from lack of vitamin D
Short stature/dwarfism
Resulting from failure of bones of the limbs to go to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk more than 200 different conditions can cause short stature
Talipes/club foot
I was in a congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus
Primary bone cancer
Relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone
Secondary bone cancer
Describes tumors that has metastasize to bones from other organs
Myeloma
Type of cancer that occurs In blood making cells found in the bone red marrow
Osteochondroma
Benin bony projection covered with cartilage
Osteoporosis
Loss of bone density and an increase in porosity
Osteopenia
Thinner than average bone density
Compression fracture/vertebral crush fracture
Occurs when a bone is pressed together on itself
Colles fracture/fractured wrist
This fracture occurs at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on his or her hands
Osteoporotic hip fracture
Usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as a result of a fall
Closed fracture/simple fracture/complete fracture
one in which the bone is broken but there’s no open wound in the skin
Open fracture/compound fracture
Where the bone is broken and there’s an open wound in the skin
Comminuted fracture
Where the bone is splintered or crushed
Greenstick fracture/incomplete fracture
Where the bone is been an only partially broken occurs primarily in children
Oblique fracture
Occurs at an angle across the bone
Pathological fracture
Occurs when a week and bone breaks under normal strain
Spiral fracture
A fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
Stress fracture
Small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic excessive impact is an overuse injury
Transverse fracture
Occur straight across the bone
Fat embolus
Can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood
Crepitation/crepitus
Grading sound heard when the ends of broken bone move together
Callus
Bulging deposit around the area of the break the tissue eventually becomes bone
Arthroscopy
Visual examination of the internal structure of a joint
Magnetic resonance imaging/MRI
Used to him or soft tissue structures such as interior of complex joints
Ultrasonic bone density testing
Screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass sound waves take measurements of the calcaneus bone
Dual x-ray absorptiometry
Low exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density
Allogenic bone marrow transplant
Uses healthy bone marrow cells from my compatible donor often a sibling
Autologus bone marrow transplant
The patient receives his or her own bone marrow cells which have been harvest cleans treated and stored before the remaining bone marrow in the patient’s body is destroyed
Orthotic
Mechanical appliance Designed to control correct will come and see from Pearland function
Arthrodesis/surgical ankylosis
Surgical fusion of two bones To Stiffen a joint
Arthrolysis
Surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
Arthroscopic surgery
Minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint
Chondroplasty
Surgical repair of damaged cartilage
Synovectomy
Surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint
Percuntaneous diskectomy
Performed a treat a herniated intervertebral disk
Percutaneous vertebroplasty
Performed to treat osteoporosis related compression fractures
Laminectomy
Surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of the vertebrae
Spinal fusion
Technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrate
Craniectomy
Surgical removal of a portion of the skull
Craniotomy
Surgical incision or opening into the skull
Cranioplasty
Surgical repair of the skull
Osteoclasis
Surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
Ostectomy
Surgical removal of a bone