Chapter 5: Cancer

Question 1

Types of Cancer?

Answer 1

• Lung (#1 mortality)
• Skin (#1 incidence)
• Breast (#2 F)
• Prostate (#2 M)
• Colon and Rectal (# 3)

Question 2

Lung Cancer

Answer 2

• Leading fatal cancer both genders
• Smoking is the leading risk factor, then second hand smoke, asbestos, pollution
• 5 year survival rate less than 20%
• No effective screening

Question 3

Skin Cancer

Answer 3

-Most common cancer
-May occur if history of childhood sunburn, or intense sun exposure
OR personal/family history of melanoma
Melanoma Detection:
A Asymmetry
B- Border
C- Colour
D- Diameter
E- Evolving

Question 4

Breast Cancer

Answer 4

-Risk factors: female sex, older age, and family history
-Estrogen promotes tumour growth
Mammograms used to detect, not always accurate
-More dangerous when it spreads to other tissues

Question 5

Prostate Cancer

Answer 5

• Becomes mortal when it spreads
• Detected early, survival rate is 95%
• Digital rectal exam

Question 6

Colorectal Cancer

Answer 6

• Colon major part of large intestine

- Risk Factors: Older age, male sex, inflammatory bowel disease, hereditary factors

Question 7

Cervical Cancer

Answer 7

• Leading risk factor is infection by human papilloma virus

- Regular pap tests aid early detection

Question 8

Cancer Detection

Answer 8

-Screening: general examinations done on “healthy” populations to identify those who may have disease
-Testing: done on who believed to have cancer, more specific tests to identify presence
Biopsy involves removal of suspected cancer tissue
Testing is more invasive, time consuming, costly than screening.

Question 9

Cancer treatment?

Answer 9

• Surgical removal
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Immunotherapy
• Gene therapy
• Hormone therapy

Question 10

Reducing Cancer RIsk

Answer 10

• Don’t smoke
• Reduce exposure to carcinogens
• Cancer-smart nutrition (antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables; less fast, BBQed foods

Question 11

Cancer Steps

Answer 11

1. Exposure to carcinogen
   -Chemicals: benzene, aflatoxin, tar, asbestos
   -Radiation: UV, X-ray, nuclear radiation
   -Pathogen: HPV
2. Mutations to DNA
3. a) Division of mutated cells
   -Mutations can turn tumour suppressors and DNA repairs off. They can also turn oncogenes on
   b) Uncontrollable cell multiplication
4. Malignant tumour (spread, cancerous)
   -Masse evolves which is not enclosed in a membrane, does invade and metastasize
   OR Benign tumour (non-life threatening)
   -Masse evolves which is enclosed in a membrane does not invade or metastasize

Question 12

Metastasis

Answer 12

Process of cancer spreading

Question 13

Carcinogens

Answer 13

Cancer causing agents