Chapter 1: The Concept of Health

Question 1

Global Top 10 Causes of Mortality

Answer 1

o	1. Heart disease
o	2. Stroke
o	3. Respiratory infections
o	4. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
o	5. Cancer of lung and airways
o	6. Diabetes
o	7. Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
o	8. Diarrhea
o	9. Tuberculosis
o	10. Road traffic injuries

Question 2

4 types of Health Models

Answer 2

Illness (Medical), Holistic, Prevention, Wellness

Question 3

Illness (Medical) Model

Answer 3

 Health= Absence of disease
 Absence of signs
 Absence of symptoms
 Goal: To prevent morbidity and mortality

Question 4

Prevention Model

Answer 4

• Focuses on prevention instead of treatment
  1. At the community level, to target high risk groups and focus on prevention
  2. Individual Level, responsibility of individual to change their health behaviours
  3. Health Care provider level, physicians act as resource to raise awareness

Question 5

Holistic Model GPSHEEPP

Answer 5

Takes an ecological approach, individual is best understood in context of their environment:

Genetics
Politics
Social Factors
Health care
Economics
Environment
Personal Health Behaviours
Psychological Factors

Question 6

Personal Health Behavior choices:

Answer 6

1. Not smoking
2. Drinking moderately (1-14 drinks per week)
3. Keeping physically active
4. Eating 5 servings of fruits/vegetables per day

Question 7

Social Determinants of Health

Answer 7

1. Employment status and occupation
2. Education and care in early life
3. Income equity
4. Marital status
5. Housing and food security
6. Ethnicity
7. Sense of community engagement
8. Religion

Question 8

Strategies to Improve Social Determinants of Health

Answer 8

1. Social inclusion, reducing social injustice
   2 Full employment, job security, healthy working conditions
2. Universal health care access
3. High-quality public education
4. Adequate housing and food
5. Reduced income disparities
6. Empowerment

Question 9

Determinants of Health

Answer 9

Choices: Our lifestyle decisions
Chances: Our genetic makeup (e.g. ethnicity, sex, age)
Circumstances: E.g. our neighborhood, work, environment, our community members, colleagues, and our natural environment

Question 10

Wellness Model (SISEOEP)

Answer 10

High level of wellness not a state, or place, but process of how you live
	Social
	Intellectual
	Spiritual
	Environmental
	Occupational
	Emotional 
	Physical

Question 11

Wellness WHO definition:

Answer 11

“health is the complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”

Question 12

Definition of a model:

Answer 12

A model is a representation used to study and think about problems. “Models of health” mean a perspective of framework that represents health (influence, decisions, behaviours)

Question 13

Difference between morbidity and mortality?

Answer 13

Morbidity: Illness
Mortality: Death

Question 14

Two common indicators of public health?

Answer 14

1. Life expectancy at birth

2. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) calculated per first year of life deaths per every 1000

Question 15

Difference between life span and life expectancy?

Answer 15

Life span: How long you are expected to live based on your genetic makeup, someone from 1770 would have same lifespan as 2000
Life expectancy: How long you are expected to live based on living conditions, poor conditions= less life
good conditions= potentially increased expectancy