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TNCC > Chapter 5, Airway and Ventilation > Flashcards

Chapter 5, Airway and Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

What are some factors that adequate perfusion depends upon?

A

Airway patency
Ventilators effort
Gas exchange in the alveoli
Hemoglobin’s oxygen-carrying capacity
Cardiac output

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2
Q

What is SaO2?

A

The percentage of oxygen-saturated hemoglobin in arterial blood

> 95%

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3
Q

What is SpO2?

A

The percentage of saturated hemoglobins in the capillary bed.

> 94%

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4
Q

What is PaO2?

A

Amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma.

> 80 mmHg

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5
Q

What is PaCO2?

A

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.

35-45 mmHg

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6
Q

What is ETCO2?

A

Maximum concentration of CO2 at the end of each breath.

35-45 mmHg

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7
Q

What is FiO2?

A

Fraction of oxygen in the air mixture that is delivered to the patient.

0.21 (room air) - 1% (100% oxygen)

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8
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

PaO2 < 80 mmHg (normal = 80-100 mmHg)

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9
Q

What is hyperoxia?

A

PaO2 > 100 mmHg (normal = 80-100 mmHg)

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10
Q

What is assumed when patients have distracting injuries and altered mental status?

A

That they have sustained a spinal cord injury.

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11
Q

What are two ways to achieve spinal motion restriction (SMR)?

A

Manual stabilization
Semi-rigid cervical collar

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12
Q

How should the airway be opened in a patient that is unable to open their mouth, responds only to pain, or is unresponsive?

A

Jaw-thrust maneuver

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13
Q

How do you assess the placement of a definitive airway?

A

CO2 detector after 5-6 breaths
Observe rise and fall of the chest
Auscultate (over epigastrium and chest)

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14
Q

How should oxygen to the trauma patient be delivered initially?

A

10-15 LPM via nonrebreather mask

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15
Q

How should breaths be delivered using a bag-mask device?

A

1 breath every 6 seconds (10 breaths per minute)
Over 1 second
Attached to an oxygen source

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16
Q

What may occur if excessive volume is delivered via the bag-mask device?

A

Gastric distention
Vomiting
Aspiration
Barotrauma

17
Q

Who is a candidate for a NPA?

A

Conscious
Semi-conscious
Intact gag reflex

18
Q

When is a NPA contraindicated?

A

Facial trauma
Basilar skull fracture

(Risk for placing in cranial cavity)

19
Q

How do you determine the length of an NPA?

A

Tip of the patient’s nose to the tip of their earlobe.

20
Q

Who is a candidate for a OPA?

A

A patient without a gag reflex.

21
Q

How do you measure an OPA?

A

From the corner of the mouth to the angle of the mandible.

22
Q

What are examples of a supraglottic airway?

A

I-gel, LMA.

23
Q

What is an example of a retroglottic airway?

A

King tube.

24
Q

What are the indications for immediate definite airway management?

A

Failure of the patient to protect their airway.
Failure to maintain oxygenation or ventilation.
A specific, anticipated clinical course.

25
Q

What precautions must be taken when placing an ETT?

A

Contact & airborne precautions.

26
Q

What are two methods to perform a cricothyroidotomy?

A

Needle catheter
Surgical insertion

27
Q

What is a mnemonic to assess for airway difficulty?

A

L: Look externally (trauma, deformity, abnormal anatomy)
E: Evaluate (3,3,2)
M: Mallampati score (evaluates mouth opening to size of tongue)
O: Obstruction/obesity (hematoma, upper airway injury)
N: Neck mobility (cervical spine stabilization)

28
Q

What is DAI?

A

Drug assisted intubation

29
Q

What is RSI?

A

Rapid sequence intubation
Use of sedative followed by neuromuscular blocking agent

30
Q

What is a prerequisite tor DAI?

A

High flow preoxygenation at max concentration for at least 3 minutes.

31
Q

How does one secure and verify ETT placement?

A

Note the measurement at the teeth or gums and document.
Chest radiograph.

32
Q

What is a sign of improved outcomes and mortality rates pertaining to lactate?

A

Stabilization within 24 hours.

33
Q

What does a shift to the right indicate on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

An environment of high metabolic demand.
Hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen decreases.
Decreased pH, Pco2
Increased temp, DPG

34
Q

What does a shift to the left indicate on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

An environment of low metabolic demand.
Hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen increases.
Increased pH, Pco2
Decreased temp, DPG

35
Q

What is a mnemonic to troubleshoot ventilator, capnography, or pulse oximetry alarms?

A

D: Displacement
O: Obstruction
P: Pneumothorax/tension pneumothorax
E: Equipment (tubing leak, cuff pressure loss, disconnection)

36
Q

What are the 7 Ps of RSI?

A

Preparation
Preoxygenation
Preintubation optimization
Paralysis with induction
Positioning with protection
Placement with proof
Postintubation management

TNCC (20 decks)

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