Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 304 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The brain

A

The source of all cognitive skills, emotional processing, personality and overt behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

General structure of the nervous system

A

80 billion neurons. 80 billion glial cells

Neurons store and transmit information
Dendrites receive
Axons transmit
Axons are myelinated, nodes of ranvier 
Myelin comes from oligodendrocytes
Axons end in axon terminals with synapses

Synapses - gaps where neurons transmit between themselves
Pre and post synaptic neurons separated by the synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitters cross them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Adrenaline

A

fight or flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Noradrenalin

A

concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dopamine

A

pleasure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Seratonin

A

mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

GABA

A

calming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

acetylcholine

A

learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

glutamate

A

memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Endorphins

A

Euphoria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Frontal lobe

A 
Motor Control (premotor cortex)
Problem solving (prefrontal area)
Speech production (brocas area)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Auditory processing
Language comprehension (Wernikes area)
Memory/information retrieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Brainstem

A

Involuntary responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cerebellum

A

Balance and coordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Sight

Visual reception and visual interpretation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Parietal lobe

A 
Touch perception (somatosensory cortex)
Body orientation and sensory discrimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

fast
Very safe

Is a baseline level of activity
there is an event
measure the event related potential (ERP)
EEG is time locked to stimulus

Measures alpha, beta, theta and gamma waves

Measures local field potential of many neurons
Goes to amplifier
Then to data acquisition computer

WEAKNESS - POOR SPATIAL RESOLUTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

CAT

A

Computerized Axial Tomography
X ray slices
Put together by PC
Low resolution, enough to diagnose major abnormalities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

MRI

A

Structural imaging

High spacial resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

PET

A 
Positron emission tomography
Radioactive oxygen in blood
see flow 
positrons collide with tissue and emit gamma rays
image of cerebral blood flow 
FUNCTIONAL IMAGING
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

fMRI

A

different responses of oxy/deoxy heam
changes in blood flow measured as a surrogate for activity
Activity and structural images

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Early brain development

A

3rd week of embryonic development - outer layer thickens and forms neural plate
Folds to form neural groove
between week 3 and 4 this fuses and forms the neural tube which will be brain and spine
3 bulges emerge, these are the primary vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Prosencephalon

A

cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mesencephalon

A

midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

rhomenephalon

A

brian stem and spinal chord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Prosencephalon differentiation

A

telencephalon

diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

telencephalon differentiation

A

cerebral hemispheres - grows faster relative to other parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

diencephalon differentiation

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

mesencephalon differentiation

A

midbrain (no sub division)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

rhomencephalon differentiation

A

Methencephalon pons and cerebellum

mylencephalon medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Methencephalon

A

pons and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

mylencephalon

A

medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

By 11 weeks

A

resembles brain. telencephalon grows faster

Will develop after birth but is similar to fully developed brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

consciousness
inhibition of impulses (regulates inappropriate responding at about 1 year old and increases control through school age years.
Use of memory and reasoning/planning

Little activity in 5 day old babies
Increases by 111 weeks
Near adult levels 7-8 months after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Lateralizaion of the cerebral cortex

A

Right
Spacial
Negative emotion
Holistic, integrative processing

Left
Verbal abilities
Positive emotion
Sequential, analytic processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Prefrontal cortex and emotions

A

Left - emotions stem from tendency to approach

Right- avoid

37
Q

Kids physical growth basics

A

Boys get half their adult height by 2 and girls 18 months
CEPHALOCAUDAL PRINCIPLE - humans heads grow first, limbs catch up later
By 4, kids with obesity risk in adult life show this

38
Q

Secular growth trends

A

changes to development between generations due to environmental factors

39
Q

Genetic growth

A

identical twins 0.9
fraternal 0.7
Average of parents height 0.5

40
Q

Hormones

A

HGH needed for growth

Dwarfism is treated with HGH

41
Q

Nutrition

A

Really important
at 2 months old 40% of calories goes to growth
Babies need 100-200 kcals per kg
Dont give too much carbs
Breastfeed in areas where water is toxic
Picky eating by 2 year olds is adaptive cos they dont eat new things so things they eat are safe.

Breastmilk is best

42
Q

Malnutrition

A

drops iq and concentration

Accidents are the biggest killer over 1 year old

43
Q

Brain growth

A

Production of neurons begins at 10 weeks
By 28 weeks has all neurons it will have (nearly)
Built in stages, going outward
In 4th month of life, mylenation starts
Sensory gets this first, motor after
This is why kids get more coordinated with age (part of reason)

44
Q

Motor skill development

Fine and gross

How do they develop?
Which one is first?

A

2 parts. First is

(a) fine motor skills
Self help, dressing eating
Drawing
Fine motor skills develop through daily routine

(b) Gross motor skills
Walking, running
Balance improves
Gait
Upper and lower body combine better
Greater speed and endurance
Develop through play
45
Q

Grip newborn

A

pre reaching

46
Q

Grip 3-4 months

A

ulnar grip

47
Q

Grip 4-5 months

A

Transfer object from hand to hand

48
Q

Grip 9 months

A

pincer grip
Biggest achievement
used for everything (eg writing)

49
Q

Infant reflexes basics

A

Reflexes are unlearned responses to a specific stimuli
Infants reflexes show if neurology works or not
It is also a problem if they are there too long

50
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Sole of foot stroked
Fans out toes and twists foot in
Ends at 9 months to a year

51
Q

Blinking reflex

A

Flash of light or puff of air
Closes eyes
Permanent

52
Q

Grasping reflex

A

Palms touched
Grasps hard
Weakens at 3 months, goes away at one year

53
Q

Moro reflex

A

Sudden move/loud noise
Throws out arms and legs and pulls them back to body
Goes at 3-4 months

54
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Cheek stroked or side of mouth touched
Turns to source, opens mouth, sucks
3-4 months

55
Q

Sucking reflex

A

Mouth touched by object
Sucks
3-4 months

56
Q

Swimming reflex

A

Put in water face down
Swims
6-7 months

57
Q

Tonic Neck reflex

A

Placed on back
Makes fists and turns to right
2 months

58
Q

The functions of infant reflexes

A

Get nutrients - rooting and sucking

Avoid bad stimulation
Blink and withdrawal

Prepare for voluntary motion
Walking reflex

59
Q

Stepping reflex

A

Held with feet on floor

Walks

60
Q

Milestone in motor dev: 0 months

A

Fetal position

61
Q

Milestone in motor dev: 1 month

A

Chin up

62
Q

Milestone in motor dev: 2 months

A

Chest up

63
Q

Milestone in motor dev: 3 months

A

Reach and miss

64
Q

Milestone in motor dev: 4 months

A

Sit up with support

65
Q

Milestone in motor dev: 5 months

A

Sit on lap, grasp object

66
Q

Milestone in motor dev: 6-7 months

A

Sit alone

67
Q

Milestone in motor dev: 7-8 months

A

Stand with help

Crawl

68
Q

Milestone in motor dev: 8 months

A

Pull to stand by furniture

69
Q

Milestone in motor dev: 11 months

A

Stand alone

70
Q

Milestone in motor dev: 12 months

A

Walk alone

71
Q

Dynamic Systems Theory

A

Motor development involves many distinct skills, organised and reorganized.

CNS development
Body movement capacity
Goals
Environment supports skills

Eg walking requires balancing, moving limbs, perception of environment, want to move

72
Q

Baby walkers

A

Illegal in canada

73
Q

Food

A

at 5 months can handle finger foods
1 year olds use a spoon by lowering it into a thing
2 - use scooping method

74
Q

Handedness

A

When young use both
By 13 months have a preferred hand which becomes more preferred with time
Hereditary - lefties often have lefty parent or grandparent
XP - world is built for right handed people

75
Q

Cultural variation of motor development

A

Rates are affected by
early movement opportunities
environmental stimulation
child rearing practices

in pygmy tribe, babies cut trees

Large gene component (maturation)
XP speeds this up

76
Q

Sense of smell

A

Babies smell develops in the womb
sweet stuff=relaxed
ammonia=grimace and turn away
Babies like the smell of the food their mothers ate when pregnant

77
Q

Sense of taste

A

Babies have a sweet tooth
can differentiate between salty, sour, bitter and sweet
Like sweet, grimace with sour
Infants nurse more when mother has consumed sweet stuff before feeding (boob milk is sweet)

78
Q

Sense of hearing

A

Hear well though not as accurate as adults
Can hear 7 months into gestation
Know their names at 4.5 months of age
Can differentiate between far and near
By 6 months can respond to most sounds but not fully developed until 30 months

EXPERIMENT
Mother and experimenter wear noise cancelling headphones
Dont know what sound or frequency
Babies look to or pay more attention to a sound from a direction
Or of they prefer one sound over another, more attention

79
Q

Sense of sight

A

other 3 developed in womb
sight - no color vision until 3 months - cone cells take that long to develop. 3-4 months is like adults

Takes a while to develop because its complex and there is no stimulation in the womb

Newborns and one year olds see at 6 m what adults see at 60-120

EXPERIMENT
Grids and babies paying attention to novel things

80
Q

Integrating sensory info

A

Kids integrate stuff

Recognize visually an object they just touched before

Can dance

81
Q

Perception of objects

A

use continuity of

color
texture
aligned edges

if it turns out to be two objects babies are surprised

82
Q

Perception of movement

A

if two parts of a pencil move together, its one pencil

83
Q

Shape constancy

A

babies have a concept of this

Dont look at new thing longer when its not a new thing but an old thing from a different angle

84
Q

Babies love faces

A

before 3 months all face
after 33 months features of faces
over 3 months likes objects which have correct facial configuration

85
Q

Retinal disparity

A

by 4-6 month they use this

86
Q

Depth with pictorial cues

A

Texture gradient course but distinct = close, smooth = far
Interposition - one in front of other
Linear perspective
Relative size

87
Q

Visual cliff experiement

A

Don`t want to cross cliff
baby can see its different (slower heartbeat)
When start crawling or walking, drop off it
after some weeks, avoid or navigate it
Not a result of fear, a result of learning to perceive the relations between their bodies and the world

88
Q

Pain

A

Bodies can transmit pain signal
Is stressful to babies
Useful to signal to caregivers when there is danger

PSYC 304 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions