Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The brain

A

The source of all cognitive skills, emotional processing, personality and overt behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

General structure of the nervous system

A

80 billion neurons. 80 billion glial cells

Neurons store and transmit information
Dendrites receive
Axons transmit
Axons are myelinated, nodes of ranvier 
Myelin comes from oligodendrocytes
Axons end in axon terminals with synapses

Synapses - gaps where neurons transmit between themselves
Pre and post synaptic neurons separated by the synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitters cross them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Adrenaline

A

fight or flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Noradrenalin

A

concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dopamine

A

pleasure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Seratonin

A

mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

GABA

A

calming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

acetylcholine

A

learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

glutamate

A

memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Endorphins

A

Euphoria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Frontal lobe

A
Motor Control (premotor cortex)
Problem solving (prefrontal area)
Speech production (brocas area)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Auditory processing
Language comprehension (Wernikes area)
Memory/information retrieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Brainstem

A

Involuntary responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cerebellum

A

Balance and coordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Sight

Visual reception and visual interpretation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Parietal lobe

A
Touch perception (somatosensory cortex)
Body orientation and sensory discrimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

fast
Very safe

Is a baseline level of activity
there is an event
measure the event related potential (ERP)
EEG is time locked to stimulus

Measures alpha, beta, theta and gamma waves

Measures local field potential of many neurons
Goes to amplifier
Then to data acquisition computer

WEAKNESS - POOR SPATIAL RESOLUTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

CAT

A

Computerized Axial Tomography
X ray slices
Put together by PC
Low resolution, enough to diagnose major abnormalities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

MRI

A

Structural imaging

High spacial resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

PET

A
Positron emission tomography
Radioactive oxygen in blood
see flow 
positrons collide with tissue and emit gamma rays
image of cerebral blood flow 
FUNCTIONAL IMAGING
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

fMRI

A

different responses of oxy/deoxy heam
changes in blood flow measured as a surrogate for activity
Activity and structural images

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Early brain development

A

3rd week of embryonic development - outer layer thickens and forms neural plate
Folds to form neural groove
between week 3 and 4 this fuses and forms the neural tube which will be brain and spine
3 bulges emerge, these are the primary vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Prosencephalon

A

cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mesencephalon

A

midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
rhomenephalon
brian stem and spinal chord
26
Prosencephalon differentiation
telencephalon | diencephalon
27
telencephalon differentiation
cerebral hemispheres - grows faster relative to other parts
28
diencephalon differentiation
Thalamus and hypothalamus
29
mesencephalon differentiation
midbrain (no sub division)
30
rhomencephalon differentiation
Methencephalon pons and cerebellum | mylencephalon medulla
31
Methencephalon
pons and cerebellum
32
mylencephalon
medulla
33
By 11 weeks
resembles brain. telencephalon grows faster Will develop after birth but is similar to fully developed brain
34
Prefrontal cortex
consciousness inhibition of impulses (regulates inappropriate responding at about 1 year old and increases control through school age years. Use of memory and reasoning/planning Little activity in 5 day old babies Increases by 111 weeks Near adult levels 7-8 months after birth
35
Lateralizaion of the cerebral cortex
Right Spacial Negative emotion Holistic, integrative processing Left Verbal abilities Positive emotion Sequential, analytic processing
36
Prefrontal cortex and emotions
Left - emotions stem from tendency to approach Right- avoid
37
Kids physical growth basics
Boys get half their adult height by 2 and girls 18 months CEPHALOCAUDAL PRINCIPLE - humans heads grow first, limbs catch up later By 4, kids with obesity risk in adult life show this
38
Secular growth trends
changes to development between generations due to environmental factors
39
Genetic growth
identical twins 0.9 fraternal 0.7 Average of parents height 0.5
40
Hormones
HGH needed for growth | Dwarfism is treated with HGH
41
Nutrition
Really important at 2 months old 40% of calories goes to growth Babies need 100-200 kcals per kg Dont give too much carbs Breastfeed in areas where water is toxic Picky eating by 2 year olds is adaptive cos they dont eat new things so things they eat are safe. Breastmilk is best
42
Malnutrition
drops iq and concentration | Accidents are the biggest killer over 1 year old
43
Brain growth
Production of neurons begins at 10 weeks By 28 weeks has all neurons it will have (nearly) Built in stages, going outward In 4th month of life, mylenation starts Sensory gets this first, motor after This is why kids get more coordinated with age (part of reason)
44
Motor skill development Fine and gross How do they develop? Which one is first?
2 parts. First is (a) fine motor skills Self help, dressing eating Drawing Fine motor skills develop through daily routine ``` (b) Gross motor skills Walking, running Balance improves Gait Upper and lower body combine better Greater speed and endurance Develop through play ```
45
Grip newborn
pre reaching
46
Grip 3-4 months
ulnar grip
47
Grip 4-5 months
Transfer object from hand to hand
48
Grip 9 months
pincer grip Biggest achievement used for everything (eg writing)
49
Infant reflexes basics
Reflexes are unlearned responses to a specific stimuli Infants reflexes show if neurology works or not It is also a problem if they are there too long
50
Babinski reflex
Sole of foot stroked Fans out toes and twists foot in Ends at 9 months to a year
51
Blinking reflex
Flash of light or puff of air Closes eyes Permanent
52
Grasping reflex
Palms touched Grasps hard Weakens at 3 months, goes away at one year
53
Moro reflex
Sudden move/loud noise Throws out arms and legs and pulls them back to body Goes at 3-4 months
54
Rooting reflex
Cheek stroked or side of mouth touched Turns to source, opens mouth, sucks 3-4 months
55
Sucking reflex
Mouth touched by object Sucks 3-4 months
56
Swimming reflex
Put in water face down Swims 6-7 months
57
Tonic Neck reflex
Placed on back Makes fists and turns to right 2 months
58
The functions of infant reflexes
Get nutrients - rooting and sucking Avoid bad stimulation Blink and withdrawal Prepare for voluntary motion Walking reflex
59
Stepping reflex
Held with feet on floor | Walks
60
Milestone in motor dev: 0 months
Fetal position
61
Milestone in motor dev: 1 month
Chin up
62
Milestone in motor dev: 2 months
Chest up
63
Milestone in motor dev: 3 months
Reach and miss
64
Milestone in motor dev: 4 months
Sit up with support
65
Milestone in motor dev: 5 months
Sit on lap, grasp object
66
Milestone in motor dev: 6-7 months
Sit alone
67
Milestone in motor dev: 7-8 months
Stand with help | Crawl
68
Milestone in motor dev: 8 months
Pull to stand by furniture
69
Milestone in motor dev: 11 months
Stand alone
70
Milestone in motor dev: 12 months
Walk alone
71
Dynamic Systems Theory
Motor development involves many distinct skills, organised and reorganized. CNS development Body movement capacity Goals Environment supports skills Eg walking requires balancing, moving limbs, perception of environment, want to move
72
Baby walkers
Illegal in canada
73
Food
at 5 months can handle finger foods 1 year olds use a spoon by lowering it into a thing 2 - use scooping method
74
Handedness
When young use both By 13 months have a preferred hand which becomes more preferred with time Hereditary - lefties often have lefty parent or grandparent XP - world is built for right handed people
75
Cultural variation of motor development
Rates are affected by early movement opportunities environmental stimulation child rearing practices in pygmy tribe, babies cut trees Large gene component (maturation) XP speeds this up
76
Sense of smell
Babies smell develops in the womb sweet stuff=relaxed ammonia=grimace and turn away Babies like the smell of the food their mothers ate when pregnant
77
Sense of taste
Babies have a sweet tooth can differentiate between salty, sour, bitter and sweet Like sweet, grimace with sour Infants nurse more when mother has consumed sweet stuff before feeding (boob milk is sweet)
78
Sense of hearing
Hear well though not as accurate as adults Can hear 7 months into gestation Know their names at 4.5 months of age Can differentiate between far and near By 6 months can respond to most sounds but not fully developed until 30 months EXPERIMENT Mother and experimenter wear noise cancelling headphones Dont know what sound or frequency Babies look to or pay more attention to a sound from a direction Or of they prefer one sound over another, more attention
79
Sense of sight
other 3 developed in womb sight - no color vision until 3 months - cone cells take that long to develop. 3-4 months is like adults Takes a while to develop because its complex and there is no stimulation in the womb Newborns and one year olds see at 6 m what adults see at 60-120 EXPERIMENT Grids and babies paying attention to novel things
80
Integrating sensory info
Kids integrate stuff Recognize visually an object they just touched before Can dance
81
Perception of objects
use continuity of color texture aligned edges if it turns out to be two objects babies are surprised
82
Perception of movement
if two parts of a pencil move together, its one pencil
83
Shape constancy
babies have a concept of this | Dont look at new thing longer when its not a new thing but an old thing from a different angle
84
Babies love faces
before 3 months all face after 33 months features of faces over 3 months likes objects which have correct facial configuration
85
Retinal disparity
by 4-6 month they use this
86
Depth with pictorial cues
Texture gradient course but distinct = close, smooth = far Interposition - one in front of other Linear perspective Relative size
87
Visual cliff experiement
Don`t want to cross cliff baby can see its different (slower heartbeat) When start crawling or walking, drop off it after some weeks, avoid or navigate it Not a result of fear, a result of learning to perceive the relations between their bodies and the world
88
Pain
Bodies can transmit pain signal Is stressful to babies Useful to signal to caregivers when there is danger