Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 304 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What did Plato think was the source of knowledge

A

Logic and reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Logic and reasoning

A

Plato

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Aristotle

A

Empericism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Empericism

A

Aristotle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Rousseau

A

People are borne good , society corrupts them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

People borne good and corrupted by society

A

Rousseau

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Locke

A

Tabula rassa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Blank slate hypothesis

A

Locke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What caused child development to be studied

A

Advances in western science and an increasing interest in childrens welfare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Basic natural selection

A

1- some offspring will have favorable characteristics
2-these will confer advantages and therefore, be pased down genetically
3-those that do not have these will be less likely to survive and replicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Charles Darwin was interested in development because

A

He thought the development of an individual would allow one to understand the development of the species. He kept detailed baby biographies - this was the beginning of trying to find theories of development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Biological perspective basics

A

1-Development is determined by mostly biological factors
2-in maturational theory, development reflects the natural unfolding of a biological plan
3- in ethological theory, many behaviors are views as adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

G. Stanley Hall

What did he do?
What did he think about pushing kids to go faster?

A

Studied 100,000 kids t determine a @normal@ path of development

He thought kids recapitulate developmental stages of the species as they develop. Hence it is not good to push them to go faster.

He believed there is a PLAN with which we develop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ernst Haeckel

A

Thought the embryonic development of organisms goes through the the evolutionary history of its species.
“ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Arnold Geselle

A

Maturational theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Maturational Theory

A

Arnold Geselle
Child development occurs according to a naturaly determined plan of growth. Parents should let the plan unfold. Experience does not matter.

Normative approach - people studied large numbers of children of different ages. Found the “norms”.

Could tell parents what to expect at each stage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Conrad Lorenze

A

Ethological Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ethology

A

Adaptive or survival value of a behavior and its evolutionary hx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ethological Theory

A

Conrad Lorenze

There is a critical (sensitive) period when a child is ready to learn something, neither too early or late.
If missed, either no chance (critical) or much harder (sensitive).

One thing people learn is IMPRINTING which is when organisms form an emotional bond with the first moving objects they see (usually their mother). There is a window for this.

In humans, this emotional bond can be called ATTACHMENT.

Therefore, even of the underlying mechanism is biological, it does not happen without experience.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The Psychodynamic Perspective

A

Development is determined by how a child resolves conflicts/challenges

Experiences affect development

Conflicts between desires

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Personality in psychodynamic theory

A

ID present at birth. Base desires.
Ego develops at 1 year old when kid learns they cant always get what they want- based in reality
Tries to transform egos desires into something socially acceptable
Superego - Conscience; develops from 3-6 years through interactions with caregivers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Conflicts between id, ego and superego

A

Superego has punishment power.
ID wants many things
Ego doesnt want to be punished so tries to find a socially acceptble solution. Ego is mediator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Normal/Neurotic

A

Normally Ego is in charge

Neurotic, superego is - anxious and guilty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Psychosexual Theory Basics

Body ego

Psychic skin

A

Libido is a force that compells people towards pleasure.
When these needs are met, person moves onto more mature forms of pleasure. When not, FIXATED at this stage.
Modern theory says genes and environment are important.

Body ego - develops through the process of separation from a parent, and is a persons sense of self as an individual.

Psychic skin - nurturing the child brings this a persons ability to contain his or her internal emotional state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Birth to 1 year Psex

A

Oral Phase
EZ - mouth; gratify oral urges
Smoking, sucking, eating, biting nails if fixated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

1 to 3 years psex

A

Anal Phase
EZ anus - learn to withhold and release poo
If fixated, extreme self control or too much = really messy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

3-6 years psex

A

Phallic Phase
Oedipus and elctra conflict resolved by not being interested in other sex parent anymore
Superego formed and children feel guilty when they violate its standards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

6-11 Years psex

A

Latency Phase
Sex instincts die down
Play with same sex friends
Learn new values from fx and same sex peers outside home

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Adolescence psex

A

Genital Phase
Sex comes back
If earlier phases successful = marriage and child rearing.
Extends through adulthood

30
Q

Fixation lecture examples

A

Oral - smoking, nail biting, gum-chewing
Anal - Orderliness, obsessiveness, rigidity
Phallic - vanity, exhibitionism, pride

31
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Psychosocial theory
Studied under Anna Freud
Neofreudian

32
Q

Psychosocial

A

Erik Erikson
There are 8 stages
Each has a crisis that must be resolved

33
Q

0-1 year psoc

A

basic trust vs mistrust

Work out if the world is good or not

34
Q

1-3 years psoc

A

Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Using new mental and motor skills, kids decide for themselves. Parents can foster autonomy by allowing reasonable choice and not shaming the child

35
Q

3-6 year psoc

A

Initiative vs guild
Through play and make believe kids explore what person they will be
ambition and responsibility develop when parents support childs sense of purpose
When parents demand too much self-control, kids become too guilty

36
Q

6-11 p soc

A

Industry vs inferiority

At school, kids try to work and cooperate with others. If negative, kid develops feelings of inferiority

37
Q

Adolescence psoc

A

Identity vs role confusion

Tried to define who they are. Failure results in confusion about future roles

38
Q

Early Adulthood psoc

A

Intimacy vs isolation

young people work on establishing relations with others. Because of early failings, some cant and remain isolated

39
Q

Middle adulthood psoc

A

Generativity vs stagnation
rear kids, care for others do productive work
failure means feeling a sense of lack of meaningful accomplishment

40
Q

Late adulthood psoc

A

Integrity vs despair
reflect on what ind of person they have been
Those dissatisfied, fear death

41
Q

Basics of the Learning Perspective

A

Emphasize experience in development
Classical and Operant conditioning
Social Learning Theory

42
Q

Summary of psychodynamic

A

Path to adulthood is fraught with obstacles whether they are called conflicts or challenges. When young overcome earlier challenges, later ones are easier.

43
Q

Classical conditioning

A 
Unconditioned stimulus (food)
Unconditioned response (salivating to food)
Neutral stimulus (bell)
Conditioned response (salivating to bell)
IS ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING
44
Q

John Watson

A

Extended the work of Ivan Pavlov to apply classical conditioning to children.
Believed learning to be the crucial factor in development - with correct technique anything can be learned.
Blank slate fan

Also Albert generalized the fear of the rat to other animals so perhaps phobias

45
Q

Little Albert (watson)

A

Classically conditioned to fear something (a white rat) he liked by banging metal.
Might be the route cause of phobias (Watson thought)

46
Q

Skinner

A

Operant conditioning

47
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Consequences of behavior affect the chances of it happening again.

Positive reinforcement - give a good thing
Negative reinforcement - take a bad thing
Positive punishment - add a bad thing
Negative punishment - remove a good thing

48
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Social learning theory
ppl can learn without conditioning
Imitation and observational learning (watching behaviors and consequences)
Is Albertian

49
Q

Social Learning Theory (social cognitive learning theory)

A

Kids will learn also by imitation and observational learning
They will imitate people they admire and stuff they see gets rewarded; they dont copy everything, just stuff they see getting rewarded.
It is cognitive because children are trying to understand their world and social because others are important sources of information about the world.

50
Q

observational learning

A

(watching behaviors and consequences)

51
Q

Self-efficacy

A

a persons belief in their ability to execute behaviors needed to so something.
Can be conditioned (like dad praising son who is folding laundry)

52
Q

Self-efficacy and imitation

A

A child who cant sing wont imitate celine dion. Whether a child imitates depends on who the person is, whether this persons behavior is rewarded and the child’s beliefs about their self efficacy

53
Q

Bandura Bobo Doll

A

Woman beats up a doll
Kids copy and learn to be aggressive to it
Seeing others aggressive makes kids aggressive

Starts to like guns even though bobo doll did not involve guns

54
Q

Jean Piaget

A

four stages of cognitive development

55
Q

Cognitive developmental perspective

A

Development reflects kids efforts to understand the world
Little scientists who run experiments
When the world works like kid expects, the belief grows stronger, when doesn’t reevaluate.
There are 3 points where the theory must be thrown away.

56
Q

Birth to 2 years (cog)

A

Sensorimotor phase

Infants knowledge based on senses and motor skills. By the end of the period, kid uses mental images.

57
Q

3 to 6 years psychosocial

A

Pre-operational
Child learns symbols such as words and numbers to represent aspects of the world but relates to the world through their perspective only

58
Q

7 to 11 years Piaget

A

Concrete Operational

Child understands and applies logical operations to experiences, provided experiences pertain to the here and now

59
Q

Adolescence and beyond Piaget

A

Formal operational

Can think abstractly, and speculate on what may be possible

60
Q

Child agency

A

psychodynamic - subject to caregivers
learning - to environment
social learning - to role models
active in cognitive

61
Q

The contextual perspective

A

People, institutions etc merge to form a culture
Vygotsky believed society tried to teach kids culturally essential knowledge therefore development must be considered in a cultural context.
N america school
Africa hunt

62
Q

Lev Vygotky

A

Contextual perspective - culture plays a role

Zone of proximal development

63
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

ZAD zone of achieved development - where learner is now
ZPD - what needs to be done to take learner to where they need to be (what they can do with hep)
When can do it, moves to ZAD.
Can be used to teach culturally relevant stuff.

64
Q

Urie Brofenbrenner

A

Ecological Systems Theory

65
Q

Ecological Systems Theory

A

Development happens within interacting systems

Microsystem - things kid is in direct contact with
Mesosystem - the interactions between these things
Exosystem - things that will have secondary effects on the child (extended family, parents work etc)
Macrosystem - larger world, laws, values and customs
Chronosystem - These are all impacted by time and these changes influence development

Might not explain indegenous ppls

66
Q

resilience and entrepreneurship

A

Resilience
the capacity of an individual to deal with difficulties in life.

Entrepreneurship
the capacity of an individual to shape their interactions with others

67
Q

New approaches

A

Three new approaches to the study of child development are information-processing theory, evolutionary theory, and developmental psychopathology.

Information-processing theory is based on a computer model of human cognition in which memory is like “mental hardware” and cognitive processes are like “mental software.”

Evolutionary theorists believe that, through the process of evolution, behaviours and characteristics of infants and children have been developed because of their value to the survival of the child and the entire species.

Developmental psychopathology theorists see development as a dynamic and hierarchical process that involves continual reorganization and transformation across a person’s lifespan, with all variables affecting all other variables

68
Q

Theme 1 Early development is related to later development

Continuity vs discontinuity
What models support which idea?

A

Early development is related to later development but not perfectly; research supports the view that development is not completely rigid as in the continuous pathway view, nor is it completely flexible as in the discontinuous/changing pathways view.

Continuity-discontinuity issue
Learning is continuous - more of the same
Stages models have stages - qualitative differences

Someone who is nice when young is more likely to be nice when old but its not certain

69
Q

Development is always jointly influenced

A

Nature nurture issue
Development is always jointly influenced by heredity and environment; scientists view heredity and environment as interactive forces that both influence development.

70
Q

Development in different domains is connected

A

Development in different domains is connected; cognitive, physical, social, and emotional development affect each other.

PSYC 304 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions