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General Biology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Macromolecule

A

Giant molecule formed by joining of similar molecules by dehydration reaction
(carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids)

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2
Q

Polymer

A

Similar or identical building blocks assembled into long molecules

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3
Q

Monomer

A

The repeating unit of a polymer

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4
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction

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5
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

When two molecule bind together and release a water molecule

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6
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

When a polymer is broken down into smaller units via the addition of a water molecule

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7
Q

Carbohydrate

A

A sugar (monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide)

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8
Q

Monosaccharide

A

A carbohydrate that consists of a single sugar monomer or active alone

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9
Q

Disaccharide

A

A carbohydrate that consists of two sugar monomers bound together

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10
Q

Polysaccharide

A

A carbohydrate that consists of many sugar monomers (hundreds of thousands)

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11
Q

Starch

A

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting of glucose monomers (how plants store sugar)

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12
Q

Glycogen

A

A glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals

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13
Q

Cellulose

A

A carbohydrate that is found on the cell walls of plants

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14
Q

Chitin

A

A carbohydrate found in the exoskeletons of insects and fungi

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15
Q

Lipids

A

Hydrophobic molecules (mix poorly with water if at all)

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16
Q

Fat

A

A lipid consisting of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule (aka triacylglycerol or triglyceride)

17
Q

Fatty acid

A

A long hydrogen carbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end

18
Q

Triacylglycerol

A

Three fatty acid chains joined together

19
Q

Saturated

A

When all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds

20
Q

Unsaturated

A

A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in a the hydrocarbon tail

21
Q

Trans fats

A

Fats that undergo hydrogenating and become unsaturated because of trans located double bonds

22
Q

Phospholipid

A

A lipid containing two fatty acids and a phosphate group

23
Q

Steroid

A

A lipid with four fused rings

24
Q

Cholesterol

A

Synthesizes hormones

25
Q

Polypeptide

A

Many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

26
Q

Protein

A

One or more amino acid polypeptides

27
Q

Amino acid

A

Monomer of a protein

28
Q

Peptide bond

A

Covalent bond found between two amino acids

29
Q

Primary structure

A

A series of amino acids linked together

30
Q

Secondary structure

A

Repetitive coiling/folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding

31
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Interactions between side chains creating 3D shapes

32
Q

Hydrophobic interaction

A

A weak chemical reaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water

33
Q

Quaternary structure

A

The aggregation of multiple polypeptide chaines into one large protein

34
Q

Chaperonins

A

Assist in the folding of proteins

35
Q

Nucleic acid

A

A polymer made of many nucleotides

36
Q

RNA

A

Nucleic acid (ribose nucleic acid)

37
Q

Nucleotides

A

Five carbon sugars covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate group

38
Q

DNA

A

Nucleic acid (deoxyribose nucleic acid)

39
Q

Double helix

A

Two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape

General Biology (5 decks)

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