Chapter 5 Flashcards
What is the history of the race concept?
Blumenbach•Typological classification
Franz Boas•Biological process
R. C. Lewontin•Genetic variation does not follow racial categorization
Clinal distribution
Gradient of genetic variation. (ie. closer to equator will be darker and vice-versa)
What are the 4 main stages of life history?
Fertilization
Prenatal stage
Postnatal stage
Adult stage
Prenatal stage
3 trimesters, 9+ months
Postnatal stage
Neonatal (month 1) Infancy (month 2, weaning) Childhood (3–7 years) Juvenile (7–12 years) Puberty Adolescence (post puberty
Adult Stage
Reproductive Period
Senescence - loss of homeostasis (bones + menopause)
Infancy
Deciduous dentition
Weaning
Motor skills
Cognitive abilities
Developing dentition
We can evaluate age based off of teeth. Also nutrition (enamel)
Bone Growth
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Growth plate (used to estimate age, collagen + cartilage)
Secular trends
influence of large scale cultural trends on various things (like height)
4 levels of adaptation
Genetic (diff. areas have varied gene pool)
Developmental (ontogenetic, various stressors)
Acclimatization (physiological)
Cultural (behavioral)
Heat stress
Vasodilation (physiological response - expansion of blood vessels)
Sweating and hairlessness (physiological and genetic)
Bergmann’s and Allen’s rules
BODY: Individuals in cold env. will be chunky, hot env. will be linear + thin.
ARMS: cold = shorter limbs
hot=longer limbs
Cold Stress
Vasoconstriction (opposite of vasodilation)
Shivering
Elevated BMR (basal metabolic rate)
Clothing and shelter
Skin coloration + Climate
UV radiation helps synthesize vitamin D - Necessarily for proper skeletal development
UV radiation depletes folic acid - Necessary for DNA synthesis and spinal development
