Chapter 2

Question 1

Concept of evolution before Darwin

Answer 1

Common: Religion (bible), Great Chain of being - fixity of species, earth young.
Emerging scientific views: earth old, surface has changed over time, plants + animals have changed

Question 2

Geology

Answer 2

Study of Earth
James Hutton (18th, scottish, Geological strata, uniformitarianism - processes acting in past, reaction so long that have impact)
Charles Lyell (18th-19th, knew Darwin, Evidence for the antiquity of Earth - must be old to have all these formations) 
Baron Georges Cuvier (19th, Catastrophism - changes we see are products BIG catastrophes, opp. uniformitarianism, supports bible+evolution)

Question 3

How did the theory of evolution come to be?

Answer 3

Any discovery takes place on what is known before. Not out of the blue.

Question 4

Paleontology

Answer 4

Study of Fossils
Robert Hooke (17th, Fossil wood, 1st use microscope + apply "cell" to bio. materials)
Georges Cuvier (AGAIN!!!, organisms can go extinct, diff. fossils in diff. geological strata - under water x= land)

Question 5

Taxonomy and Systematics

Answer 5

Study of classification and relationships of organisms
Carolus Linnaeus (18th, naming syst. for all living organisms, clustered hierarchy, genus + species - Sytema Natrurae)

Question 6

Demography

Answer 6

Study of pop.
Thomas Malthus (1-every pair of parents has several offspring 2-pop. size remains same. 3-pop. is limited by food supply 4- members of pop. compete for food 5- no two members of a species are identical, variation exists.)

Question 7

Evolutionary biology

Answer 7

Study of organisms and their changes over time.

Question 8

Who came up w/ idea of evolution before Darwin?

Answer 8

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck - inheritance of acquired characteristics. THE GIRAFFEs + their elongating necks.

Question 9

Darwin + HMS Beagle

Answer 9

Degree in theology, was recommended as naturalist for voyage, be a friend for captain, spent 3 yrs circling globe. Start= fixity of species End = all the data to develop the theory of natural selection

Question 10

What did Darwin actually do?

Answer 10

From Lyell + Hutton ( earth old, uniformitarianism)
From Cuvier (Fossils resemble living forms)
From Malthus ( ideas - reproduction, pop., variation)
From Linnaeus + Lamarck (species related and can change)

Question 11

Alfred Russell Wallace (19th)

Answer 11

Independently discovered Natural Selection @ same time as Darwin. On the Origin of Species published 1859

Question 12

Mechanism of inheritance

Answer 12

Gregor Mendel (19th, Laws of inheritance - No blending inheritance; discrete units: genes; diff. versions: alleles; dominant and recessive) Ideas went underground and resurfaced 20th. Mendelian inheritance.

Question 13

Evolutionary Synthesis

Answer 13

Mendel’s theory of heredity. Darwin’s theory of evolution ( how do new genes appear = mutation)

Question 14

Gene Flow

Answer 14

When a subset of a species meet they fight and breed. Migration = gene combination through reproduction. (Humans do not breed randomly = societal pressures + physical attraction)

Question 15

Genetic Drift

Answer 15

Effect of random chance on small pop. (founders effect) RED FISH.

Question 16

Things Darwin got wrong

Answer 16

Bipedalism = env. change + freed hands for tool use INCORRECT
= upright walking evolved in forest habitats. Tools later on.