Chapter 5 Flashcards
Positioned near the middle of the body
Medial
Positioned on the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
What is the position of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex during running movements?
A slight forward lean with neutral spine
The position with the body erect with the arms at the side and the palms forward
The anatomic position
Positioned above a point of reference
Superior
Positioned below a point of reference
Inferior
Positioned on the back of the body
Posterior
Positioned on the front of the body
Anterior
Positioned nearest the center of the body or point of reference
Proximal
Positioned farthest from the center of the body or point of reference
Distal
Positioned toward the outside of the body
Lateral
Positioned near the middle of the body
Medial
Positioned on the opposite side of the body.
Contralateral
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into right and left halves
Sagittal plane
What movements can only occur side to side, as if there were a wall in front and behind the body?
Frontal plane movements
What movements occur in the transverse plane of motion?
Rotations
What movements primarily occur in the frontal plane of motion?
Abduction/adduction; lateral flexion; eversion/inversion
A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases
Flexion
A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the bodyS
Abduction
In which plane of motion do forward and backward movement, including flexion and extension, occur?
Sagittal
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves
Transverse plane
What are four movements occurring in the transverse plane of motion?
Trunk rotation, throwing, golfing, swinging a bat
Movement in a plane occurs about an axis running perpendicular to the plane
Joint motion
A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases
Extension
Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body
Adduction
When a muscle is exerting more force than being placed on it, resulting in the shortening of the muscle
Concentric
Moving in the same direction of force, resulting in the lengthening of a muscle
Eccentric
The neuromuscular phenomenon that occurs when inappropriate muscles take over the function of a weak or inhibited prime mover
Synergistic dominance
Which muscle concentrically accelerates dorsiflexion and inversion?
Anterior tibialis
Which muscle concentrically accelerates hip extension and external rotation?
Gluteus maximus
Which muscle concentrically accelerates hip flexion, abductions, and internal rotation?
Tensor fascia latae
Which muscle concentrically accelerates spinal flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation?
Rectus abdominus
Which muscle concentrically accelerates scapular retraction?
Middle trapezius
Which muscle eccentrically decelerates shoulder flexion, abduction, and external rotation?
Latissimus dorsi
In order, which muscles are the agonist, synergist, and antagonist during hip extension?
Gluteus maximus, hamstrings, psoas
Which muscles are the synergists used in a shoulder press?
Deltoid, rotator cuff, trapezius
Which muscle concentrically accelerates knee extension and hip flexion?
Rectus femoris
Which muscle concentrically accelerates shoulder flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation?
Pectoralis major
When contractile force is equal to the resistance and no movement occurs
Isometric
The resting length of a muscle and the tension it can produce at that resting length
Length-tension relationships
If one component of the human movement system is dysfunctional, it can impact other components throughout the body leading to what?
Decreased performance and possible injury
The ability of muscles to produce force with increasing velocity
Force-velocity curve
Which 2 muscles eccentrically decelerate ankle dorsiflexion?
Soleus and gastrocnemius
As the velocity of a concentric muscle action increases, its ability to produce force _____.
Decreases
As the velocity of an eccentric muscle action increases, the ability to develop force _____.
Increases
The synergistic action of muscles to produce movement around a joint
Force-couple
The study that uses principles of physics to quantitatively study how forces interact within a living body
Biomechanics
What are the 3 systems of the kinetic chain (aka human movement system)?
Nervous, muscular, and skeletal system
What is comprised of bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments?
Musculoskeletal system
What 3 things are necessary to establish neuromuscular efficiency?
Proper length tension relationships; proper force-couples; proper arthrokinematics
A rigid bar that pivots about a stationary fulcrum
Lever
Bending the neck is an example of what type of lever?
1st class - fulcrum is between resistance and effort
Performing a calf raise is an example of what type of lever?
2nd class - resistance is between the fulcrum and the effort
Performing a biceps curl is an example of what type of lever?
3rd class - effort is between the resistance and the fulcrum
What type of lever are most limbs in the body?
3rd class
The study of posture and movements and the involved structures and mechanisms that the central nervous system uses to assimilate and integrate sensory information with previous experiences
Motor control
Repeated practice of motor control processes, which lead to a relatively permanent change in the ability to produce complex movements
Motor learning
The HMS response to internal and external environmental stimuli
Motor behavior
How motor skill changes over time
Motor development
Data the CNS receives from sensory receptors, such as the body’s position in space, limb orientation, and information about the environment
Sensory information
Muscles recruited by the CNS to work as a group to accomplish a required movement
Muscle synergies
The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements
Proprioception
The ability of the CNS to gather and interpret sensory information to execute the proper motor response
Sensorimotor integration
