Chapter 2 Flashcards
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues
Mechanoreceptors
Receptors sensitive to change and rate of change of tension
Golgi tendon organs
Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and rate of that change
Muscle spindles
The functional unit of the nervous system
Neuron
Receptors that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration in the joint
Joint receptors
The system that acts as the body’s communication network, gathers and interprets information, and determines all movement
Nervous system
What are the 3 functions of the nervous system?
Sensory, integrative, and motor
The ability to sense body position and limb movement relative to adjacent parts of the body and the environment
Proprioception
What are 4 benefits to training proprioceptive abilities?
Improved balance, posture, coordination, and the ability to adapt to changing environments
What are the 3 main parts of a neuron?
Cell body, axon, dendrites
Transmits nerve impulses from receptors in tissues to the CNS
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Transmits nerve impulses from the CNS to effector sites in muscles or organs
Motor (efferent) neurons
Transmits nerve impulses from one neuron to another
Interneurons
The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain of the spinal cord
Central nervous system (CNS)
Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body
Peripheral nervous system
Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability and input to the nervous system
Ligaments
A flattened or indented portion of bone, which can be a muscle attachment site
Depression
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
Axial skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that includes the bones that connect to the spinal column including the upper and lower extremities
Appendicular skeleton
Bone with a cylindrical body (shaft) that are longer than they are wide and enlarge and widen at each end
Long bone
Cube or box-shaped bones that are nearly as wide as they are long; made out of mostly sponge bone tissue to maximize shock absorption
Short bones
Thin bones made of two layers of compact bone tissue around a layer of spongy bone tissue
Flat bone
Bones of unique shape and function that do not fit the characteristics of other categories
Irregular bones
Small, often round bones embedded in a joint capsule
Sesamoid bones
The motions of the joints in the body
Arthrokinematics
What are the 3 types of joint motion?
Roll, slide, and spin
What are the 6 types of joints related to movement?
Gliding, condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot, and ball-and-socket
Joints held together by a joint capsule and ligaments; most associated with movement in the body
Synovial joint
Most-mobile joints that allow motion in all three planes
Ball-and-socket
What does bone do in response to progressive exercise?
Gets stronger
What can prevent bone injuries related to falls?
Maintaining muscle strength, coordination, and balance
What is the best exercise to help strengthen bone?
Weight-bearing exercise
The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin
Sarcomere
What are the 7 characteristics of type I muscle fibers?
More capillaries; increased oxygen delivery; smaller in size; less force production; slow to fatigue; long term contractions such as stabilization; slow twitch
What are the 7 characteristics of type II muscle fibers?
Fewer capillaries; decreased oxygen delivery; larger in size; more force produced; quick to fatigue; short term contractions; fast twitch
Which 6 muscles comprise the stabilization system of the core?
Transverse abdominus; internal oblique; lumbar multifidus; pelvic floor muscles; diaphragm; transversospinalis
The ability of muscles to exert maximal force output in a minimal amount of time
Rate of force production
Series of muscles that move the skeleton
Muscular system
What are the 3 types of muscle?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
The outermost layer of muscle tissue
Fascia
The second layer of muscle tissue, aka “deep fascia”
Epimysium
The middle layers of muscle made up of bundles of muscle fibers
Fascicles
The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles
Perimysium
Connective tissue between muscle fibers
Endomysium
Plasma membrane surrounding individual muscle fibers
Sarcolemma
Substance in the muscle fiber that contains glycogen, fats, minerals, myoglobin, nuclei, and mitochondria
Sarcoplasm
Contains thin actin and thick myosin filaments that make up muscle fibers
Myofibrils
The communication between the nervous and muscular system
Neural activation
The interface points between the nervous and muscular systems
Motor unit
The neurotransmitter chemical used by the neuromuscular system
Acetylcholine
The proposed process by which the contraction of the filaments within the sarcomere takes place
Sliding filament theory
What occurs between filaments as individual muscle fibers contract to produce force?
Actin-myosin cross bridging
What chemical process occurs between filaments as a sarcomere contracts?
Excitation-contraction coupling
Muscles that perform the opposite action as the prime mover
Antagonist
Which muscle is the agonist in hip extension?
Gluteus maximus
Muscles that assist the prime mover
Synergist
The muscle that acts as the prime mover and is most responsible for a given movement
Agonist
Which muscles act as synergists to the gluteus maximus during hip extension?
Hamstrings, erector spinae
Muscles that support the body while the agonists and synergists produce movement
Stabilizers
Which muscles serve as stabilizers muscles during hip extension?
Transverse abdominis, internal obliques, multifidus
Which muscle is an antagonist to the gluteus maximus during hip extension?
Psoas
System that regulates body function with hormones
Endocrine system
Chemicals that trigger muscle contraction, stimulate protein and fat synthesis, activate enzyme systems, regulate growth and metabolism, and determine how the body responds to stress physically and emotionally
Hormones
What are the 3 components of the endocrine system?
Host organs (glands), chemical messengers (hormones), and target cells (receptors)
Section of the brain that controls the function of all other endocrine glands
Pituitary gland
Gland that releases hormones responsible for metabolism, protein synthesis, heart rate, breathing, and body temperature
Thyroid gland
What are 5 symptoms of low thyroid function?
Low metabolism, fatigue, depression, cold sensitivity, and weight gain
Glands that secrete stress hormones cortisol and epinephrine (adrenaline) responsible for the “fight or flight” response
Adrenal glands
Primary link between the nervous system and endocrine system, and helps control feelings of fullness when eating, metabolism, and body temperature
Hypothalamus
Organ that controls blood glucose through the release of insulin and glucagon
Pancreas
What are 4 effects epinephrine has on the body in regard to exercise?
Increases heart rate and stroke volume, elevates blood glucose, redistributes blood to working tissue, and opens up airways
Hormone that plays a fundamental role in muscle tissue synthesis
Testosterone
Hormone that influences the location of fat deposits
Estrogen
Catabolic hormone associated with tissue breakdown
Cortisol
What are 4 factors that can raise cortisol to harmful levels?
Overtraining, excessive stress, poor sleep, inadequate nutrition
Primarily responsible for growth until puberty in both men and women; increases fat burning and strengthens the immune system. It is stimulated by release of estrogen or testosterone, deep sleep, or vigorous exercise
Growth hormone
