Chapter 2

Question 1

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues

Answer 1

Mechanoreceptors

Question 2

Receptors sensitive to change and rate of change of tension

Answer 2

Golgi tendon organs

Question 3

Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and rate of that change

Answer 3

Muscle spindles

Question 4

The functional unit of the nervous system

Answer 4

Neuron

Question 5

Receptors that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration in the joint

Answer 5

Joint receptors

Question 6

The system that acts as the body’s communication network, gathers and interprets information, and determines all movement

Answer 6

Nervous system

Question 7

What are the 3 functions of the nervous system?

Answer 7

Sensory, integrative, and motor

Question 8

The ability to sense body position and limb movement relative to adjacent parts of the body and the environment

Answer 8

Proprioception

Question 9

What are 4 benefits to training proprioceptive abilities?

Answer 9

Improved balance, posture, coordination, and the ability to adapt to changing environments

Question 10

What are the 3 main parts of a neuron?

Answer 10

Cell body, axon, dendrites

Question 11

Transmits nerve impulses from receptors in tissues to the CNS

Answer 11

Sensory (afferent) neurons

Question 12

Transmits nerve impulses from the CNS to effector sites in muscles or organs

Answer 12

Motor (efferent) neurons

Question 13

Transmits nerve impulses from one neuron to another

Answer 13

Interneurons

Question 14

The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain of the spinal cord

Answer 14

Central nervous system (CNS)

Question 15

Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body

Answer 15

Peripheral nervous system

Question 16

Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability and input to the nervous system

Answer 16

Ligaments

Question 17

A flattened or indented portion of bone, which can be a muscle attachment site

Answer 17

Depression

Question 18

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

Answer 18

Axial skeleton

Question 19

Portion of the skeletal system that includes the bones that connect to the spinal column including the upper and lower extremities

Answer 19

Appendicular skeleton

Question 20

Bone with a cylindrical body (shaft) that are longer than they are wide and enlarge and widen at each end

Answer 20

Long bone

Question 21

Cube or box-shaped bones that are nearly as wide as they are long; made out of mostly sponge bone tissue to maximize shock absorption

Answer 21

Short bones

Question 22

Thin bones made of two layers of compact bone tissue around a layer of spongy bone tissue

Answer 22

Flat bone

Question 23

Bones of unique shape and function that do not fit the characteristics of other categories

Answer 23

Irregular bones

Question 24

Small, often round bones embedded in a joint capsule

Answer 24

Sesamoid bones

Question 25

The motions of the joints in the body

Answer 25

Arthrokinematics

Question 26

What are the 3 types of joint motion?

Answer 26

Roll, slide, and spin

Question 27

What are the 6 types of joints related to movement?

Answer 27

Gliding, condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot, and ball-and-socket

Question 28

Joints held together by a joint capsule and ligaments; most associated with movement in the body

Answer 28

Synovial joint

Question 29

Most-mobile joints that allow motion in all three planes

Answer 29

Ball-and-socket

Question 30

What does bone do in response to progressive exercise?

Answer 30

Gets stronger

Question 31

What can prevent bone injuries related to falls?

Answer 31

Maintaining muscle strength, coordination, and balance

Question 32

What is the best exercise to help strengthen bone?

Answer 32

Weight-bearing exercise

Question 33

The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin

Answer 33

Sarcomere

Question 34

What are the 7 characteristics of type I muscle fibers?

Answer 34

More capillaries; increased oxygen delivery; smaller in size; less force production; slow to fatigue; long term contractions such as stabilization; slow twitch

Question 35

What are the 7 characteristics of type II muscle fibers?

Answer 35

Fewer capillaries; decreased oxygen delivery; larger in size; more force produced; quick to fatigue; short term contractions; fast twitch

Question 36

Which 6 muscles comprise the stabilization system of the core?

Answer 36

Transverse abdominus; internal oblique; lumbar multifidus; pelvic floor muscles; diaphragm; transversospinalis

Question 37

The ability of muscles to exert maximal force output in a minimal amount of time

Answer 37

Rate of force production

Question 38

Series of muscles that move the skeleton

Answer 38

Muscular system

Question 39

What are the 3 types of muscle?

Answer 39

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Question 40

The outermost layer of muscle tissue

Answer 40

Fascia

Question 41

The second layer of muscle tissue, aka "deep fascia"

Answer 41

Epimysium

Question 42

The middle layers of muscle made up of bundles of muscle fibers

Answer 42

Fascicles

Question 43

The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

Answer 43

Perimysium

Question 44

Connective tissue between muscle fibers

Answer 44

Endomysium

Question 45

Plasma membrane surrounding individual muscle fibers

Answer 45

Sarcolemma

Question 46

Substance in the muscle fiber that contains glycogen, fats, minerals, myoglobin, nuclei, and mitochondria

Answer 46

Sarcoplasm

Question 47

Contains thin actin and thick myosin filaments that make up muscle fibers

Answer 47

Myofibrils

Question 48

The communication between the nervous and muscular system

Answer 48

Neural activation

Question 49

The interface points between the nervous and muscular systems

Answer 49

Motor unit

Question 50

The neurotransmitter chemical used by the neuromuscular system

Answer 50

Acetylcholine

Question 51

The proposed process by which the contraction of the filaments within the sarcomere takes place

Answer 51

Sliding filament theory

Question 52

What occurs between filaments as individual muscle fibers contract to produce force?

Answer 52

Actin-myosin cross bridging

Question 53

What chemical process occurs between filaments as a sarcomere contracts?

Answer 53

Excitation-contraction coupling

Question 54

Muscles that perform the opposite action as the prime mover

Answer 54

Antagonist

Question 55

Which muscle is the agonist in hip extension?

Answer 55

Gluteus maximus

Question 56

Muscles that assist the prime mover

Answer 56

Synergist

Question 57

The muscle that acts as the prime mover and is most responsible for a given movement

Answer 57

Agonist

Question 58

Which muscles act as synergists to the gluteus maximus during hip extension?

Answer 58

Hamstrings, erector spinae

Question 59

Muscles that support the body while the agonists and synergists produce movement

Answer 59

Stabilizers

Question 60

Which muscles serve as stabilizers muscles during hip extension?

Answer 60

Transverse abdominis, internal obliques, multifidus

Question 61

Which muscle is an antagonist to the gluteus maximus during hip extension?

Answer 61

Psoas

Question 62

System that regulates body function with hormones

Answer 62

Endocrine system

Question 63

Chemicals that trigger muscle contraction, stimulate protein and fat synthesis, activate enzyme systems, regulate growth and metabolism, and determine how the body responds to stress physically and emotionally

Answer 63

Hormones

Question 64

What are the 3 components of the endocrine system?

Answer 64

Host organs (glands), chemical messengers (hormones), and target cells (receptors)

Question 65

Section of the brain that controls the function of all other endocrine glands

Answer 65

Pituitary gland

Question 66

Gland that releases hormones responsible for metabolism, protein synthesis, heart rate, breathing, and body temperature

Answer 66

Thyroid gland

Question 67

What are 5 symptoms of low thyroid function?

Answer 67

Low metabolism, fatigue, depression, cold sensitivity, and weight gain

Question 68

Glands that secrete stress hormones cortisol and epinephrine (adrenaline) responsible for the "fight or flight" response

Answer 68

Adrenal glands

Question 69

Primary link between the nervous system and endocrine system, and helps control feelings of fullness when eating, metabolism, and body temperature

Answer 69

Hypothalamus

Question 70

Organ that controls blood glucose through the release of insulin and glucagon

Answer 70

Pancreas

Question 71

What are 4 effects epinephrine has on the body in regard to exercise?

Answer 71

Increases heart rate and stroke volume, elevates blood glucose, redistributes blood to working tissue, and opens up airways

Question 72

Hormone that plays a fundamental role in muscle tissue synthesis

Answer 72

Testosterone

Question 73

Hormone that influences the location of fat deposits

Answer 73

Estrogen

Question 74

Catabolic hormone associated with tissue breakdown

Answer 74

Cortisol

Question 75

What are 4 factors that can raise cortisol to harmful levels?

Answer 75

Overtraining, excessive stress, poor sleep, inadequate nutrition

Question 76

Primarily responsible for growth until puberty in both men and women; increases fat burning and strengthens the immune system. It is stimulated by release of estrogen or testosterone, deep sleep, or vigorous exercise

Answer 76

Growth hormone